I received this question over two years ago in 2020 in the comment section beneath my article on:
The Mystery of a “Star” called Wormwood here:
https://scientificlogic.
Unfortunately, I did not see the question posted in the comment section until just a few days ago before I uploaded it
It reads:
“Dear Dr. Boo Lim Ju
I have been reading a lot of your highly interesting articles which I share with my friends here in the Philippines.
I presume you are also a Christian from the many biblical verses you quoted throughout your blog as much as I am a Christian although I belong to the Church of the Holy Trinity here in Manila.
I am actually a practising physician specializing in internal medicine. After reading some of your mind-searching articles on evolution and all those various articles you wrote about the origin of life, the living physical body and the soul and even about ghosts and spirits, time travel, etc, sharing what you wrote with my colleagues here, we have been wondering for a very long time if we were evolved from apes and chimpanzees or were we created by God through Adam and Eve as given in the bible?
There has been a very serious disagreement for many decades now since Darwin's time between the scientists on evolution and the church about our origin.
You may be the best person as a Christian and having also done a postdoctoral on evolution from your profile in the same university as Darwin to explain. Do you think we can have your email address posted here in your blog so that we can communicate directly instead of through this channel
Thank you in advance
Dr Norjanah
-----------------------------------------
Here's my answer to Dr Norjannah:
Summary on Creation in the Eyes of a Theologian
Let us look at Genesis 1 in King James Version
1 In the beginning God created heaven and the earth.
2 And the earth was without form, and void; and darkness was upon the face of the deep. And the Spirit of God moved upon the face of the waters.
3 And God said, let there be light: and there was light.
4 And God saw the light, that it was good: and God divided the light from the darkness.
5 And God called the light Day, and the darkness he called Night. And the evening and the morning were the first day.
6 And God said, let there be a firmament in the midst of the waters, and let it divide the waters from the waters.
7 And God made the firmament, and divided the waters which were under the firmament from the waters which were above the firmament: and it was so.
8 And God called the firmament Heaven. And the evening and the morning were the second day.
9 And God said, Let the waters under heaven be gathered together unto one place, and let the dry land appear: and it was so.
10 And God called the dry land Earth; and the gathering together of the waters called the Seas: and God saw that it was good.
11 And God said, Let the earth bring forth grass, the herb yielding seed, and the fruit tree yielding fruit after his kind, whose seed is in itself, upon the earth: and it was so.
12 And the earth brought forth grass, and herb yielding seed after his kind, and the tree yielding fruit, whose seed was in itself, after his kind: and God saw that it was good.
13 And the evening and the morning were the third day.
14 And God said, let there be lights in the firmament of the heaven to divide the day from the night; and let them be for signs, and for seasons, and for days, and years:
15 And let them be for lights in the firmament of heaven to give light upon the earth: and it was so.
16 And God made two great lights; the greater light to rule the day, and the lesser light to rule the night: he made the stars also.
17 And God set them in the firmament of the heaven to give light upon the earth,
18 And to rule over the day and over the night, and to divide the light from the darkness: and God saw that it was good.
19 And the evening and the morning were the fourth day.
20 And God said, Let the waters bring forth abundantly the moving creature that hath life, and fowl that may fly above the earth in the open firmament of heaven.
21 And God created great whales, and every living creature that moveth, which the waters brought forth abundantly, after their kind, and every winged fowl after his kind: and God saw that it was good.
22 And God blessed them, saying, be fruitful, and multiply, and fill the waters in the seas, and let fowl multiply in the earth.
23 And the evening and the morning were the fifth day.
24 And God said, Let the earth bring forth the living creature after his kind, cattle, and creeping thing, and beast of the earth after his kind: and it was so.
25 And God made the beast of the earth after his kind, and cattle after their kind, and everything that creepeth upon the earth after his kind: and God saw that it was good.
26 And God said, let us make man in our image, after our likeness: and let them have dominion over the fish of the sea, and over the fowl of the air, and over the cattle, and over all the earth, and over every creeping thing that creepeth upon the earth.
27 So God created man in his own image, in the image of God created him; male and female created him.
28 And God blessed them, and God said unto them, Be fruitful, and multiply, and replenish the earth, and subdue it: and have dominion over the fish of the sea, and over the fowl of the air, and over every living thing that moveth upon the earth.
29 And God said, Behold, I have given you every herb bearing seed, which is upon the face of all the earth, and every tree, in the which is the fruit of a tree yielding seed; to you it shall be for meat.
30 And to every beast of the earth, and to every fowl of the air, and to everything that creepeth upon the earth, wherein there is life, I have given every green herb for meat: and it was so.
31 And God saw everything that he had made, and, behold, it was very good. And the evening and the morning were the sixth day.
Let us now have a look at creation of heavens, earth and on the evolution of life in the eyes of a scientist in summary form:
Evolution:
Astronomical Big Bang 13.8 billion years (4.3549488 x 10 ^ 17 seconds) ago
Age of Earth 4.543 billion years = 1.43366 x 10 ^ 17 seconds ago
1 day = 86,400 seconds
1 year = 365.25 days = 31,557,600 seconds
100 year = 3,155,760,000 seconds
If the age of the Universe was just one day (86,400 second) then 100 years of our lives last for:
= 86,400 / 4.3549488 x 10 ^17 x 3,155,760,000 = 6.3 x 10 ^ - 4 second (0.00063 second)
We shall go into this later in our conclusion below in the eyes of God and man in respect to the human lifespan of say 100 years.
Time scale in the Evolution on Life on Earth:
In millions of years (Mya)
1. 4,500 – 4,400 million years ago (Mya). Accretion of Earth
2. 4,200 million years ago (Mya) Atmosphere and oceans form
3. 4,000 million years ago (Mya) Prebiotic chemistry became possible
4. 3,800 million years ago RNA world shown by the first chemical fossil
available (viruses)
5. 3,600 million years ago the first DNA protein life came into existence
6. 3,500 million years ago LUCA: Archaea / Bacteria spilt and also
photosynthesis (autotrophy) began
7. 2,700 – 1,900 million years ago the first eukaryotes / sexual reproduction
became possible
8. 1,000 Mya?
9. 650 Mya Metazoans
10. 575 Oldest large organisms
11. 555 Mya Oldest sponge fossils
12. 542 – 488 Mya Cambrian Radiation
13. 525 Mya Earliest vertebrates
14. 440 Mya First vascular land plants
15. 425 Mya First jawed vertebrates
16. 420 Mya Earliest terrestrial animals
17. 396 Mya First insects
18. 365 Mya Plants evolves seeds and first tetrapods
19. 354 Mya Insects flight
20. 350 Mya First land-dwelling vertebrates
21. 240 Mya First dinosaurs
22. 210 Mya First mammals
23. 200 Mya Pangea breakup begins
24. 150 Mya Archaeopteryx / birds’ flight
25. 140 Mya Flowering plants
26. 128 – 124 Dinosaurs flight
27. 125 Mya Mammalian gliding flight
28. 105 – 95 Mya Gondwanaland breakup
29. 90- 80 Mya Formation of Galapagos geological hot spot
30. 57 – 53 Mya Whale ancestor
31. 55 Mya Australia breaks away from Antarctica
32. 51 Mya Mammalian powered flights (bats)
33. 50 Mya First fossil Equidae
34. 45.6 Whale ancestor
35. 40 Mya Primate order diverges
36. 35 Mya First grasses evolve
37. 30 Mya Old-world / new-world monkey spilt
38. 25 Mya Old-world monkey / apes split. Also Drosophila melanogaster / D.
obscura split
39. 15 Mya Apes migrate to Asia
40. 6 -7 Mya Sahelanthropus
41. 5 - 4 Mya: Common ancestors of chimps and humans. Formation of current
Galapagos Islands
History on the Emergence of human-like and humans:
42. 3.6 Mya Panama Isthmus rise / Lucy fossil / Australopithecus afarensis footprints found.
43. 2.5 Tool use
44. 1.8 Mya Homo habilis out of Africa
45. 1.6 Mya Homo erectus in Asia
46. 600,000 years ago Human / Neanderthal spilt
47. 500,000 years ago Homo erectus use fire
48. 355,000 Homo heidelbergensis footprints
49. 200,000 years ago Anatomically modern human
50. 250,000 – 160,000 years ago Homo sapiens
51. 120,000 years ago, Homo language possible
52. 100,000 years ago Wolf / dog split
53. 79,000 – 15,000 years ago Start of Wisconsin glaciations
54. 50,000 years ago. Humans migrate from Asia to Australia
55. 45,000 years ago. Megafauna extinction in Australia
56. 30,000 years ago. Human migration from Asia to North America
57. 14,000 – 10,000 years ago. Domestication of dog and Megafauna extinction in North America
58. 12,000 years ago. Early agriculture
59. 8,000 years ago Domestication of cattle
60. 6,000 years ago Domestication of horse
61. 3,000 years ago Iron tools
Major extinctions of life took place during:
62. 445 Mya in the Late Ordovician
63. 375 Mya Late Devonian
64. 251 Mya End Permian
65. 200 Mya Late Triassic
66. 65 Mya Cretaceous-Tertiary
Principles of Evolution, Briefly: It was Charles Darwin who started his theory of evolution. Briefly explained, from 1831 to 1836, Charles Darwin and his crew on board the HMS Beagle travelled around the world, observing animals on different continents and islands. When he arrived on the Galapagos Islands, he noticed several species of finches (birds) with unique beak shapes. He observed these finches closely resembled another finch species on the mainland of South America and that the group of species in the Galapagos moulded into a graded series of beak sizes and shapes. In 1860, he wrote, “seeing this gradation and diversity of structure in one small, intimately related group of birds, one might really fancy that from an original paucity of birds in this archipelago, one species had been taken and modified for different ends.” Some two million years before Charles Darwin arrived on the Galapagos Islands, some finches belonging to one species flew 1,000 km from South America to inhibit the fiery, volcanic archipelago of Galapagos, and by the time Darwin arrived, the finches have already diversified into over 12 different kinds of finches with different sizes and shapes of their beaks. During those two million years those finches have adapted themselves to different environments on the islands into different species depending on the seasons and availability of seeds and their sizes. These birds inherited variations in the bill shapes, some individuals having wide, deep bills and others having thinner bills. Large-billed birds feed more efficiently on large, hard seeds, whereas smaller billed birds feed more efficiently on small, soft seeds depending on variations of soft and hard seeds on these islands during drought and during rainy seasons. Their beaks need to change in size and shapes to adapt to the availability of food on various islands of the Galapagos such as long, pointed beaks are better adapted for catching insects, while broad, blunt beaks work better for cracking hard seeds and nuts. This sets the basis of adaptive radiation of different species of finches on Galapagos. On this observation, Charles Darwin set his theory of evolution briefly explained |
5 - 4 million years ago there was a common ancestor of chimps and humans after the formation of the current Galapagos Islands. Then 3.6 million years ago after the rise of the Panama Isthmus several hundred pieces of fossilized bones resembling 40 percent of a female of the hominin species was found as Lucy fossil that included Australopithecus afarensis footprints.
Then 2.5 million years ago tools were found in use, following which
1.8 million years ago Homo habilis moved out of Africa. Then about 1.6 million years ago, Homo erectus were seen in Asia.
This followed 600,000 years ago when humans and human-like neanderthal (Homo neanderthalensis) spilt
This event on human evolution continued till 500,000 years ago Homo erectus began to use fire. Following human evolution 355,000 years ago, Homo heidelbergensis footprints were found.
It was only about 200,000 years ago that anatomically modern-like humans came into being. Homo sapiens came in 250,000 – 160,000 years ago.
But it was not until 120,000 years ago that the Homo language became possible. Then the question most people are interested in is how all those extinct species or subspecies
Summary on Human Existence in the Bible:
In 1642, John Lightfoot published the calculation of the exact date for the creation of the universe as September 17,3928 B.C.
Various dates on the creation of the Universe have been proposed here, against astronomers’ calculation at 13.8 billion years ago
https://www2.nau.edu/~gaud/
According to some Christian sources, Adam and Eve were created circa 9,700 years ago (7,700 BCE) and Noah was born either in 2448 B.C. (4448 years ago) or 3078 BC (5078 years ago).
But I am unsure where they got the records as no source of reference was given. Neither were these dates given in the Bible. If we know the exact year Adam and Eve were created, it would be easy to trace the year Noah was born through the genealogy and timeline from Adam and Eve to Abel, Seth, Enos, Cain, Mahalalel, Jared, Enoch, Methuselah, Lamech and Noah.
According to an unspecific source the time span between Adam and Noah was 5,252 or 4,622 years?
Some suggest it may be between 9,800 and 9,700 years ago as a more likely date when they were created during the Upper Paleolithic - Lower Mesolithic period when humanoids were created as hunter-gatherers?
However, from the source below, the time between Adam to Noah was 1,656 years?
Age of the Great Pyramid:
But before them, the Great Pyramid at Giza was believed to be constructed between 2550 to 2490 B.C. (4550 – 4490 years ago) relatively close to the time of Noah before God needed to destroy those alien beings marrying the daughters of man.
If this was so, the burning question we would ask, was the Great Pyramid built by alien beings during Noah’s time?
Personally, I do not think ancient humans in Egypt were able to build the Great Pyramid with such clockwork precision using thousands of slaves dragging millions of tons of massive stone blocks on rollers and pulling them with ropes as widely claimed to build up the Great Pyramid with such precision using primitive tools, and out-of-date methods. Firstly also, where did the slaves in their thousands get food and blocks of massive stones in the desert area?
But “There were giants in the earth in those days; and also after that, when the sons of God came in unto the daughters of men, and they bore children to them, the same became mighty men which were of old, men of renown”
(Genesis 6:4).
If this is so, did these aliens build the pyramids since it is widely believed from the above verses there were aliens, giants, and Nephilim (products of alien beings and daughters of men) around the time of Noah’s time which was also around the time the pyramids. Did they build the pyramids?
Did the Nephilim exist? If so, did the Smithsonian Institute destroy the proofs on their existence, some have asked?
However, I don’t think they did not exist since archaeologists have fossilized records of these giants although many may also disagree with me, claiming that photographic evidence of very tall skeletal remains and their skulls dug up were not real. They claimed the photos were faked or edited to look real? Others said their remains were kept off the records.
My feeling on these debates is, fossil records of these giants need not exist anymore as they were all washed away deep into the ocean floors during the Great Flood and by now may have disintegrated into dusts after over 5,000 years being submerged deep into salty ocean floors considering that about 71 percent of the Earth's surface is currently is covered by water, and the oceans hold about 96.5 percent of all Earth's water.
During the time of Noah about 80 percent of the Earth’s surface were oceans. Around 11,500 to 11,200 years ago there were excessive water covering Earth called meltwater pulse 1B (MWP1b) due melting of ice causing post-glacial sea level rise at the beginning of the Holocene period, resulting in a catastrophic rise event 2 (CRE2) in the Caribbean Sea. This rise in ocean waters may add on to the Great Inundation of Noah’s period over 2,500 years later.
Anything, including skeletal remains of giants and Nephilim could be washed into the oceans beyond redemption after a massive global deluge, giving us no trace of these gigantic alien creatures.
Whatever it is, the Nephilim, were said to the products of the sons of gods mingling with the daughters of Adam. They were great Biblical giants, “the fallen ones.” They may have built the pyramids where there were subterranean burial chambers underneath the pyramid for pharaohs to be buried facing the stars of Orion where these aliens may have come from in the belief by the pharaohs they will return to those stars where the aliens came after death.
The root of this theory was the belief that the relative positions of three main ancient Egyptian pyramids on the Giza plateau was designed to be in line with the relative positions of the three stars in the constellation of Orion which make up Orion's Belt, as these stars appeared in 10,000 BC.
Giants in Biblical Times:
Whatever the discovery or beliefs, those tall and powerful giants like Goliath and the Nephilim in those days may or may not have been involved in the construction of the pyramids, and I don’t think we will ever know.
These giants were tall. In the Book of Enoch, the Book of Giants, an apocryphal Jewish book which expands upon Genesis is a narrative of the Hebrew Bible that describes the height of these great giants as “three hundred cubits." A cubit being 46 centimetres (18 inches) would make these biblical giants standing at 138 metres (453 feet) tall. At that height, probably these Nephilim and giants could have the strength and technology to build those pyramids?
However, some argue such giants cannot exist as their bodies would not be able to carry their massive weights and heights. But I do not agree when we consider massive reptiles like dinosaurs and mammals like elephants and giraffes are able to adapt to their massive weights and heights for millions of years
In a book Chariots of the Gods written by Erich von Daniken in 1968 he described unsolved mysteries of the past by proposing the hypothesis that the technologies and religions of many ancient civilizations were given to them by ancient astronauts who were welcomed as gods.
Going further down the timeline, Moses was born much later in 1391 BCE (3391 years ago) according to Rabbinical Judaism, or 1592 BCE (3592 years ago) suggested by Jerome or 1571 BCE (3,571 years ago) according to James Ussher?
Ussher even calculated that the first day of creation of the universe was October 23, 4004 BC on the proleptic Julian calendar, near the autumnal equinox, while Lightfoot similarly inferred that Creation began at nightfall near the autumnal equinox, but in the year 3929 BC.
These dates are difficult to verify even till the time of Jesus, and are definitely not in line with our current scientific thinking.
We are not even sure when Jesus was born. It is believed to be between 6 and 4 BCE. See article on “The Star in the East” here:
https://scientificlogic.
But my feeling is that long before accounts of human activities and their relation with God besides giants and Nephilim, there were hominids and hominins not amounting to humans being created or evolved roaming alongside with all other creatures millions of years ago before God created Adam and Eve in His image and likeness.
The presence of these hominids and hominins are real. Just to briefly explain what a hominid is, there are members of the family Hominidae, belonging to the great apes, namely, the orangutans, gorillas, chimpanzees and humans.
Progression in Human Evolution:
These human-like hominids emerged in successive stages into non-linear progression of humanoids. Even the Neanderthals, primitive humans are real and they existed as we have their fossil records of their presence, their skulls and skeletons which we can date quite accurately using various dating methods.
But I think anatomically modern man (Homo sapiens) first appeared around 300,000 years ago as suggested by fossils and DNA recovery. By then archaeological findings showed tools, artefacts, cave art paintings were already in place with more complex cultures, being evolved as recent as 50,000-65,000 years ago. But the earlier Homo sapiens may not be as modern as us.
Different findings traced back different conclusions. Skulls and genes tell us about brains, relics about their cultures and how they lived. It would be our brains becoming more advanced before our social and cultural practices.
Neanderthals do not bear the image of God before Adam and Eve were created into His image and likeness. We would naturally ask how did the Neanderthals evolve into humans?
In order to do this, God has to redesign in stages over thousands of years the Neanderthals, what scientists would describe as the process of evolution from Neanderthals into true humans. In the eyes of scientists that took tens of thousands of years, which for God was just one day as given in Genesis.
Some scientists claimed they have used this analysis together with anthropology findings to show our ancestral linkage as far back to biblical times 7,000 years ago, and that we were all descendants of Adam and Eve?
DNA Analysis:
A mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) analysis is the best way to trace our ancestry to Adam and Eve. This analysis provides scientists the procedure to trace a person's matrilineal or mother-line ancestry using the DNA in his or her mitochondria since mtDNA is passed down by the mother unchanged, to all her children, both male and female. A mitochondrial DNA test can therefore be taken by both men and women.
Using mtDNA analysis, would it be possible to show Adam and Eve were indeed our first parents? Our confronting difficulty is when were Adam and Eve created and how would we trace them without their fossil remains? That’s our problem.
However, in order for Adam and Eve to be created God needed to destroy all human-like sons of gods, aliens and giants, including the Neanderthals and their ancestor H. heidelbergensis back into the soil, and use the same soil again to remould and to redesign them into Adam and Eve in His image and likeness.
Limited current evidence from both fossils and DNA suggests that Neanderthal and modern human lineages separated at least 500,000 years ago. They may have been destroyed by God long before God recreated a new model resembling His likeness as Adam and Eve.
On this note, the Bible on creation of heavens and earth, versus science on the evolution at different stages agree with each other except the length of time taken for God as just one day which in our human lifespan took thousands to perhaps millions of years. We cannot compare our time with His. That’s when Science and the Bible disagree.
These stages of life appearances given in Genesis: 9 – 22 are the same as the stages in evolution. It was only after all the plants and animals were created-evolved were Adam and Eve created as true humans after an evolutionary reshaping.
However, both Science and the Bible agree that the land has to rise up from the ocean’s floors first, to the creation-evolution of green plants for photosynthesis and oxygen supply, before sea creatures like fish came first followed by other creatures like reptiles, birds in the air, and higher animals like mammals and lastly, human-like creatures (hominins and Neanderthals) became possible. After the alien-human fusions were destroyed, came Adam and Eve after the remodelling
Hominins before Adam and Eve:
It is so clear at least to me, that God created all other creatures including hominins first before He created homo sapiens and humans bearing His likeness.
The Church cannot deny the presence of hominins and the Neanderthals long, long before even Adam and Eve came into existence. There are very clear evidences of fossil skulls of these pre-human species such as the Neanderthals, Homo neanderthalensis, those stocky hunters adapted to Europe’s cold steppes, the Denisovans discovered in Asia, the more primitive Homo erectus in Indonesia, the Homo rhodesiensis in central Africa, the Homo naledi in South Africa, Homo luzonensis in the Philippines, Homo floresiensis (“hobbits”) in Indonesia, and the mysterious Red Deer Cave People in China. More are waiting to be found.
We have a lot more common ancestors some of them are:
Handy Man 2. 5 - 1.8 million years ago that includes Homo
rudolfensis and Homo australopiths, H. habilis, H. ergaster, H. erects,
and hominids and other Neanderthals like Homo antecessor 800,000 years
ago, H. Heidelbergensis 800 - 600,000 years ago all the way down to cave
painters, Stone Age and Bronze Age pre-humans around 12,000 years ago
Their presence existed from the Palaeolithic two million years ago to the Mesolithic to the Neolithic period 10,000 years ago.
We shall not go into the emergence of all these prehuman - Homo Sapiens Neanderthalis to the more recent Homo sapiens as they would unnecessarily run into chapters
These discoveries, especially their skulls, are real where we can see, hold, touch and feel them. We can even measure their ages, and for how long they existed.
Anthropologists, archaeologists, evolutionists paleoanthropologists and other scientists make use of various dating methods such as radiometric dating, paleomagnetism, magneto stratigraphy, lateral continuity, principle of original horizontality (layers of sediment originally deposited horizontally under the action of gravity), layers of sedimentary rocks, tephrochronology and tephrostratigraphy (the study of volcanic ash and tuff beds (tephra layers) to arrange all of the tephra layers into a single ordered sequence), radiocarbon (carbon-14) dating, biostratigraphy and biochronology, fossils remains, genetic analysis among hosts of other dating techniques to determine their age, the time, duration of these prehistoric creatures on Earth.
The Church cannot deny all this information is real and genuine, and that pre-humans were already created or evolved even before Adam and Eve.
The Bible is not a technical book to name, record, index all the creatures created in Genesis, considering that there could be already be 100 billion or more species of life including human-like species teeming on Earth before Adam and Eve
As plants and animals die, their leftovers are sometimes fossilized in Earth’s rock as a record of their existence. Fossils can offer tell-tales of how plants and animals thrived in the ancient past, giving us information about how they looked, the food they ate, the surroundings they lived in, and how they evolved and went extinct.
For hundreds of millions of years, the remains of organisms such as tracks, trails, and burrows offer major clues Earth left behind as fossil records.
Pre-Human Existence:
About 3 million years ago, a new type of clue appeared in the rock layers of eastern Africa, objects made by hominin ancestors. Hominins began to live their lives in a different way, utilizing tools made of stone in their day-to-day activities. Sharp stone tools allowed hominids to cut wood more easily, or tear meat from bones. Other tools may have assisted them to forage for plant foods or hunt and kill animals. Tell-tales on bones left behind showed that they used tools. Tools and bones are traces of human behaviour that provide us key elements in the study of human evolution.
These objects like tools and bones make up the earliest archaeological record. These are then studied in tandem with the fossil record to piece together hominin life and their evolution. While there are rich fossil and archeological records, the method of conserving ancient remains can only occur under very specific conditions. If the record is incomplete, scientists search for other methods to uncover more and more ancient remains.
These clues in the archaeological and fossil record fit together to reveal the story of the evolution of humans, the age in Earth’s history. Scientists make use of various analytical techniques available to date the amount of time since an object entered the geological record. These techniques are divided into two main categories, namely, relative dating and absolute dating. The relative dating techniques rely on geological principles. The second dating deliberates how the physical and chemical properties of elements provide more precise ages.
By 10,000 years ago, all these pre-humans were all gone. The disappearance together with other species was a mass extinction. But there’s no obvious environmental catastrophe such as volcanic eruptions, climate change, asteroid impact causing their extinctions then. Was it Noah’s Flood that destroyed them?
In its place, the extinctions’ timing suggests they were caused by the spread of a new species that evolved 260,000-350,000 years ago in Southern Africa, the rise of Homo sapiens, the humans.
The spread of modern humans out of Africa has caused a sixth mass extinction, a greater than 40,000-year event extending from the disappearance of Ice Age mammals to the destruction of rainforests by civilization today. But were they the first casualties?
Studies that track how life forms have evolved suggest that the earliest life on Earth emerged about 4 billion years ago. That timeline means life almost certainly originated in the ocean.
The first continents hadn't formed 4 billion years ago, so the surface of the planet was almost entirely ocean. That was where sea creatures were first created or evolved.
Creation in the Bible:
20 And God said, Let the waters bring forth abundantly the moving creature that hath life, and fowl that may fly above the earth in the open firmament of heaven.
21 And God created great whales, and every living creature that moveth, which the waters brought forth abundantly, after their kind, and every winged fowl after his kind: and God saw that it was good.
22 And God blessed them, saying, be fruitful, and multiply, and fill the waters in the seas, and let fowl multiply in the earth.
23 And the evening and the morning were the fifth day.
(Genesis 1: 20 – 23).
It was only after life arose in the primordial oceans that other forms of life like reptiles began to creep onto dry land and later birds evolved as gloried reptiles before other creatures like mammals and hominins, Neanderthals and finally Adam, Eve and their homo sapiens descendants came into existences in stages and successions.
Remodelling through Evolution:
What we mean here when we say that God remodelled and reshaped all life on the surface of this earth in stages of evolution that evolutionists and scientists believe and call them as evolution instead of creation is like the analogy on the invention of anything from cars, telephones, televisions, radios, buses, trains, planes… to bridges, buildings…all the way down to clothes, bags to credit cards over the centuries and decades by us humans the designer. We redesigned to make the previous models and products better and better, more and more durable and efficient. Once done, we discard the previous models into disuse.
So is this with God, the Intelligent Designer who made all creatures He created more and more adaptable over the millions of years so that they continue to exist as more adaptable and resilient species.
What scientists call this as natural evolution, God the Creator, Maker, and Designer calls it creation of new species.
Scientists often discover new species of life they thought were already extinct or were never there before, such as fish mysteriously making their appearance in isolated ponds, lakes where there was no fish before.
These ponds and lakes are far away from any river or seas. Many theories have been forwarded to explain, such the formation of ox bow lakes cut off from previous rivers where fish thrived, and were isolated when ox-bow lakes formed, all the way down to birds carrying fish or fish eggs in their beaks to an isolated pond or patch of water, to theories like tornados and hurricanes picking up fish from the oceans, seas and rivers and deposited them into isolated lakes.
None of the theories are acceptable, for example, here in Malaysia there are no tornadoes or hurricanes, and yet we often find fish and small aquatic life teeming in isolated holes dug by humans a few months ago, and were filled with water after the rains.
Often fish and other small creatures made their appearances overnight unseen. Where did they come from? Were they evolved, created or generated spontaneously and unseen by the human eyes in the middle of the night?
Abiogenesis or Biogenesis:
It would be debated between biogenesis where living things can only come from other living things through reproduction versus abiogenesis or spontaneous generation where life was created from non-living things.
In 1861, Pasteur conducted experiments to support the biogenesis theory. He boiled beef broth, sealing some tubes while leaving others open. No microbes appeared in the sealed containers, but they did appear in the unsealed containers.
He showed that beef broth could be sterilized by boiling it in a “swan-neck” flask, which has a long bending neck that traps dust particles and other contaminants before they reach the body of the flask and the beef broth remains fresh and sterile.
This may be true and valid in a sealed bottle or flask under constant observation by a scientist who kept them in the laboratory, but this same effect does not apply in a natural isolated environment where fish, beetles and winged and unwinged insects which were never there before made their mysterious appearances overnight.
Were they then created unseen, evolved from nothing, or were they carried there from elsewhere far away and deposited there by birds, bats, squirrels, butterflies, or winds howling in the night?
We can understand how life came into being over the last 4,000 million years through the slow progression of adaptability prescribed by evolution, but not those mysterious appearances of old and new creatures never seen or identified before in isolated ponds, swamps and wet grasslands. This phenomenon baffles us as scientists till today.
If you were to ask my personal thoughts on this, I think both creation or evolution, if you like, exist unseen till today. I had this issue discussed at length when I did a postdoctoral course on evolution at the University of Cambridge in 2019.
A few papers were presented on this problem with no definitive conclusion given by researchers and authors of the papers.
Origin of the SARS-CoV-2 Coronavirus:
The mysterious appearance of new forms of life like those small aquatic creatures and fishes in a lake or in an isolated unused pit filled with rain water after a few months, as well as species of life we thought were already extinct, is no different from what has been baffling scientists on the origin of the SARS-CoV-2.
When scientists failed to find the origin of this coronavirus, countries like the United States and China started to blame each other for creating the SARS-CoV-2 (Covid-19) virus in their laboratories. But when there was no evidence, it was man-made, they started to blame the origin on wild life like bats, pangolins, civet cats, etc sold in the market in Wuhan, China.
We would not go into the genetics and genomics aspect of SARS-CoV-2 since this article as with all articles in this entire blog is meant only for the general lay readers for light reading, and are not meant for researchers and scientists where references also need to be cited like we normally do for our research papers. If readers are interested, they may refer to the paper below
But what the scientists did not tell us is, where did these animals get the virus in the first place? Did they produce them inside their bodies? Strangely, none, absolutely none of the over estimated 10 million species of animals is affected by the Covid-19 virus except humans. Even if these animals harbour them, they merely use their bodies to infect only human animals (humans are animals zoologically classified by scientists), and none for the other animals.
It speaks much about ourselves, and our purpose here on earth? Are we here merely to multiply unchecked to consume, congest, pollute, and to destroy the environment like cancer cells would do to the whole body? There must be a biological purpose from a higher being to occasionally reduce our human population to keep us in check. Our current human population is coming to nearly 8,000 million at the expense of all other living creatures that too has every right to thrive in this world as God creation.
Scientists have been blinded like a frog living in a water well. They have not been looking at sources of life outside their own. They have not realized that life was not created inside their water well, but were from outside, and thrown inside the well. It is my strong conviction that the Covid-19 virus was created by an Intelligent Designer outside and sprayed onto Earth. It was neither created by humans in the biolabs in China nor in the United States or elsewhere. It was created by our Creator to keep our population in check so that we would not continue to destroy the environment created by Him in order for our civilization and humanity to last longer, so that other life forms too can be spared for them to finally inherit this earth when we are gone.
This has been decreed by the Lord our Creator in over 100 verses in the Bible that He will send famine, war, pestilence and plagues occasionally. Just to quote one:
“And I looked, and there was a pale green horse. Its rider was named Death, and Hades was following after him. They were given authority over a fourth of the earth, to kill by the sword, by famine, by plague, and by the wild animals of the earth”
(Revelation 6:8)
Unfortunately, we as a frog in a water well, are still vainly searching for the origin of this Covid-19 coronavirus that caused this pestilence and plague for over three years now.
Let me quote a letter together with a link on the origin of the SARS-CoV-2 a friend sent to me below:
"Anyone who still insist on the unsubstantiated theories that SARS-CoV-2 (COVID coronavirus) was manufactured in a lab (either in China or USA) should firstly earn a PhD, then after 20 years of research, debate with the authors, peer reviewers and editors" (unquote).
1. https://torontosun.com/news/
2. https://www.science.org/
Another issue that baffles us whether we accept the creation or evolution theory or on the origin of life is, how did the DNA become so intelligent as if alive and living to self-adjust and to adapt to environmental challenges so that they will not die and shall be able to mutate, adapt to new harsh challenges into newer and better species by themselves without direction from its creator?
DNA are just strands of helix molecules of nucleic acids and nucleotides that make up the footprints and tell-tale signals of life, but DNAs per sec are not living creatures. How could they mutate and rearrange their sequence to adapt to changes on their own without life in them? Strands of DNA exist in a living body, but are found also in a dead body.
This is like expecting a man-made telephone to change shape, size, design and components for more advanced usage and applications on its own after the telephone was invented by Alexander Graham Bell time in 1876, or was it invented by Antonio Meucci, an Italian immigrant in 1849?
How could those old prototype telephones of Alexander Graham Bell remodelled and reshaped by themselves into the current smart phones without any human intervention? Did the telephone or any machine or any invention just adapt and evolve to be better and better by themselves, or do they need their inventors, makers or other human intervenors to reshape all those changes for their better usefulness?
The same I would ask a doubting Thomas if the DNAs in Neanderthals just adjusted by themselves without instructions from their creator to become Adam and Eve and subsequently into all modern human beings?
Did they automatically adjust themselves, or received instructions from their creator or did the Creator Himself step in to redesign and make all those changes? The electrical components inside an old telephone are non-living. They could not reshape themselves on their own into smartphones. They need a creator and an intelligent designer from outside their body to modify themselves for the better.
The Potter and the Clay:
Even after the potter has moulded his wares, they are still not the finished products. The clay potteries, figurines are still soft, limp, “lifeless” so to speak, and unfinished. In order for his wares to be useful to withstand the pressures of the environment, they need to change and adapt to very harsh environmental fluctuations to harden them. They need to be fired in a furnace to toughen them.
That fire is the lamp of life firing its energy into the clay to harden them for their survival over a certain lifespan. That’s where the breath of life of God unseen and unmeasurable was pumped into every life till today even for each child or offspring born to a mother for them to survive environmental changes.
It is not necessary that the mother must give or pass on life to the child on birth.The child can still be stillborn and dead when born. On a living birth we are all different
Similarly with the potteries of the potter. Each of his wares are different from each other even for the same design and model of his wares, as much are cups, saucers, bowls, vases all different in the hands of a potter using exactly the clay and soil from the earth where all life and clay porcelain must begin. It is up to the potter how and what he wants to do with the clay from the soil. But all the potteries and figurines are unfinished products and must be being brought to the fire of a furnace to “pump life into them” figuratively translated
As much as we, and all life created on earth are either slightly genetically different from each other or, as an entirely different species of life
Created
Separately vs. Seamless Slow Adaption?
All zoologists and evolutionary biologists know no life on earth is precisely the same or were they evolved from one species seamlessly to the next without a single missing link. A tiger is entirely different from a lion, cheetah, puma, jaguar, leopard, lynx, and a domestic cat., although they are all cats of the same family.
So are all the different species of fishes in the oceans as much as all the different birds in the air. They are all entirely different species of life as much as cups, saucers, bowls, plates and all porcelain products are different in the hands of the potter. They may be the same products, but they are still subtle differences. They are not exactly the same as all human races are different although we are all the human species as much as not all dogs, wolves and dingos are the same in the hands of God their Creator.
As scientists we are familiar with the classification of animals and into domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, suborder, families, genus and species, as much as we are familiar with genetics, and evolutionary biology, but we cannot explain why all life and animals seemed to be evolved so separately at different times since 3.7 billion years ago. The question we ask ourselves is, were they created separately which is quite different from being evolved very slowly through the eons of tens of millions of years for each species as given in the list here through the corridors of millions of years.
The question we also ask is, why are they so different if the changes are so infinitesimally minute due to tiny, tiny mutagenic changes over such a long period of time. In such a slow evolutionary process their anatomy, morphology and other features including their adaptability to the environment ought to be almost seamless or almost the same, albeit there are small phenotype and genotype differences and traits within the same species
But generally why are they so morphologically different and adapt so differently?
Fossils in Sedimentary Rocks:
Fossils are preserved in layers of sedimentary rocks. These sedimentary layers consist of rocks, sand, silt, dead plants, and animal skeletons. They are preserved and kept in these different layers over millions of years causing their remains to be fossilized. Various dating techniques are used by scientists to determine the ages for the different life found at different layers occurring during various eras and periods.
As far as we can tell, each layer showed different types of life existing at different periods. They clearly showed each layer was different, and they could not have evolved through very tiny changes in mutation over the millions of years from environmental changes through adaptation, else there would have been almost undisguisable differences between the layers. But they were all different, with animals and life forms different in each layer. They appeared to be created separately, and not evolved slowly through the layers.
Even Darwin concluded that organisms have not remained the same since earth's beginning, and that they have changed a lot to become more and more complex. He also realized that as new species arise, other ones become extinct as if newer, and newer models were being created to replace the older prototypes over the millions of years. It must have been remodelled by a Designer
Life Originated from the Oceans:
Having explained that we will now go back to the question someone asked me recently, how did God create other life without blowing through their nostrils as He did to man?
"And the Lord God formed man of dust of the ground, and breathed into his nostrils the breath of life, and man became a living soul"
(Genesis 2:7)
I told him it is not possible to expect the Bible to describe everything about creation and how life came into existence in technical details. If we expect the Bible to reveal all those details then even all the libraries of the world would not be able to contain them since the Bible is not a science book. This would defeat the purpose of the Bible as a book on salvation which is far, far more important. Only brief mention using a few verses is needed in the Bible since God gave us a brain to analyse and investigate in-depth the glory of His handiwork through science.
It is said that all life initially evolved from the oceans before creeping onto dry land. The question most people, including evolutionists and scientists specializing in various areas of biological sciences often ask till today is, how did those organic soup in the warm primordial waters suddenly sprang into life?
Allow me to very briefly explain. It is clearly written here:
The earth was without form, and void; and darkness was on the face of the deep. And the Spirit of God was hovering over the face of the waters.
As scientists familiar with evolution, we know that the first life emerged from the oceans. The earliest known life forms on Earth were fossilized microorganisms
Whatever the date, they all arose soon after the oceans were formed 4.5 billion years ago. The accretion of Earth took place 4.54 billion years ago and as the Earth cooled it, the mists condensed and began to rain to form the oceans. The Earth then was almost all oceans before God separated the the waters from above from the waters below as land began to rise from beneath the waters in a geological upheaval
"And God made the firmament, and divided the waters which were under the firmament from the waters which were above the firmament: and it was so"
(Genesis 1:7)
As liquid water of the oceans condensed from the mists above, all life must rise from the water first since all life till today must have water first. The earliest direct evidence of life on Earth was from microfossils of
See here:
“The Lamp of Life” under this link:
https://scientificlogic.
It was only after all life was created when His spirit moved across the face of the waters as in Genesis 1:2, that man was created from the dust of the ground where God breathed into his nostrils.
When Miller carried out his chemical experiment in 1952 that simulated the conditions which he thought was present on the early prebiotic Earth, he only looked at the chemical origin of life under those conditions but he didn’t actually claim those chemicals were life themselves. The experiment at the time supported Alexander Oparin's and J. B. S. Haldane's hypothesis that assumed conditions on the primitive Earth excited chemical reactions that synthesized more complex organic compounds from simpler inorganic precursors.
After Miller's death in 2007, scientists analysed the compounds in the sealed vials preserved from the original experiments and they found there were over 20 different amino acids produced in Miller's original experiments. That is considerably more than what Miller originally reported, and more than the 20 of them are found in genetic codes.
There is evidence to propose that Earth's original atmosphere may be different from the chemical make-up of the gas Miller originally used in his experiment. Various prebiotic experiments have consistently produced complex mixtures of organic molecules, from simple to complex compounds such as cyanides under varying conditions.
But all these were only organic chemicals common among living organisms but none of them showed life in them. They need more than just organic compounds to bring them into life
It was the flame of life which was His Spirit that hovered over the waters of the oceans that pumped life into the oceans causing the oceans to teem with life – life into all those organic compounds Stanley Miller was trying to mimic without success. The flame of life was absent in Miller’s laboratory. He could only produce chemical compounds some of which such as amino acids are common in all life.
God as A Flame:
God can only appear to us as a flame or a fire which represents His breath of life. This flame cannot be destroyed or will it consume anything that has life in them such as a plant or a bush as it is the same flame, He gave life into them. Here is the verse that clearly explains:
And the angel of the Lord appeared unto him (Moses) in a flame of fire out of the midst of a bush: and he looked, and, behold, the bush burned with fire, and the bush was not consumed.
And Moses said, I will now turn aside, and see this great sight, why the bush is not burnt.
And when the Lord saw that he turned aside to see, God called unto him out of the midst of the bush, and said, Moses, Moses. And he said, here
i am.
(Exodus 3: 2-4)
Genesis:
“In the beginning God
created the heavens and the earth. The earth was without form, and void;
and darkness was on the face of the deep. And the Spirit of God was
hovering over the face of the waters”
(Genesis 1: 1- 2)
Since it was dark then, God
brought His Lamp of Life and Light to hover across the face of the deep and over
the oceans.
We can rephrase verses 1 and
2 in Genesis 1 for easier understanding to read as “And the Lamp of Life and
Light was hovering over the face of the water” to bring life into the oceans in
harmony with what we as scientists understand on the origin of life on Earth.
“Then God said, “Let there
be a firmament in the midst of the waters, and let it divide the waters
from the waters. Thus, God made the firmament, and divided the waters
which were under the firmament from the waters which were above
the firmament; and it was so. And God called the firmament Heaven. So, the
evening and the morning were the second day” Then God said, “Let the waters
under the heavens be gathered together into one place, and let the dry land appear;
and it was so. And God called the dry land Earth, and the
gathering together of the waters He called Seas. And God saw that it was good”.
(Genesis 1:6 - 10)
When the Earth started
forming 4,500 – 4,400 million years ago it was extremely hot during and after
the accretion. No liquid water was possible over the face of the earth. What
existed was superheated water molecules placed far apart. As the Earth slowly
cooled over a 100 million years later, the water molecules came closer together
as super-heated steam, then as ordinary steam. As it cooled further the steam
condensed into mists as the firmament above.
We can imagine a very
ancient and a very misty and lonely world with no one around even beyond the
mist. How would you feel if you were there as the only soul around in those
silent and lonesome mist?
As the Earth cooled further,
it finally rained to form the oceans as the firmament below. This was the event
when God divided the water- steam above (firmament above) from the newly formed
oceans (firmament below).
This event took place
between 200 - 300 million apart for the oceans to be formed as the mist above slowly
condensed as rains for a clear atmosphere above and oceans below to be formed 4,200
million years ago.
Following those 2- 3 events,
life then began from the oceans where there was water as His spirit (Lamp of
Life) hovered over the waters.
This took place 4,000
million years ago when the first prebiotic chemistry became possible, followed
by the first RNA world shown by the first chemical fossils 200 million years
later when viruses became available.
It was not until 800 - 900 million
years later that the first DNA protein life came into existence. That was 3,600
million years ago
Then about 3,500 million years ago LUCA: Archaea / Bacteria spilt and also photosynthesis (autotrophy) began before the first eukaryotes / sexual reproduction became possible. That event occurred 2,700 – 1,900 million years ago.
There are an estimated over 10 million different species of life teeming on Earth at the moment. The spectrum of life ranges anything from ants, beetles, mosquitoes to different species of fish including the Adaptive Radiation of at least 1,650 species of cichlid fishes and their diversification found in Lake Victoria, Lake Tanganyika and other isolated lakes cut off from rivers. Several theories from sexual selections and preferences in mating, sympatric speciation and isolation colour preferences to genetic founders’ effect after the lakes have been cut off from the rivers.
Darwin in his second book, published in 1871 drew his theory of evolution on sexual selection. For instance, the peacock's colorful train was evolved because females prefer to mate with males that have fanciful tails rather than eyes on their feathers
The birds-of-paradise is another example. These colourful birds are members of the family Paradisaeidae of the order Passeriformes. The majority of species are found in eastern Indonesia, Papua New Guinea and eastern Australia. The family has 44 species in 17 genera. The members of this family are perhaps best known for the plumage of the males of the majority of the species which are sexually dimorphic, in particular the very long elaborate feathers extending from the beak, wings, tail or head, and the ability of the males to build nests for their young ones. These are natural attraction to the females
Evolution is a very huge area of adaptive biology, and it is outside the scope of this short article to discuss even a small part of them. To discuss them here would run into a few thousand pages.
There are a lot of voluminous books published on this subject on evolution excluding hundreds of highly technical papers such as those presented at the “Cold Spring Harbor Symposia on Quantitative Biology Volume LXXIV: Evolution – The Molecular Landscape, 2009
We are aware of all these technical developments, but it is outside the scope of this short discussion which is meant only for the lay public. Our discussion will never end should we write about them.
A Rainbow of Life from A Single Source:
Being aware of this biodiversity, the question that baffles us is, why were they evolved so separately as different species distinctly separate from each other genetically as well as morphologically even for sub-species with missing links between when it should have been an indistinguishable seamless transition from species to the next, such as a chimpanzee into other apes and humans. But chimpanzees are entirely different from an orangutan, and an orangutan is different from a monkey or a human being. For instance, the genome of a chimpanzee, though 99 % close to those of a human being, are both still different species of animals.
The Missing Link in Evolution:
Most people associate the “missing link” as only between the great apes and humans. Many voluminous theories and discussions have been forward to explain the links between the great apes and humans, and it is not worth the time and effort to go into them here.
However, as far as I am concerned, the missing link is not only between the lower primates and humans, but also between every different non-primate species and even sub-species all the way from the origin of life 3,600 million years ago when the first DNA protein life came into existence till, let’s say 600,000 years ago when humans and the neanderthal spilt pathways. As far as I can see, I cannot find any relationship between one distinct species with the next from their gross morphology down to the molecular structures in their genomic make-up. All are entirely different from each other.
It took so long, in tens of millions of years for each species of life to make their different appearances except perhaps between 542 – 488 million years ago during the Cambrian Radiation when a lot of life “suddenly” appeared like mushrooms sprouting overnight in a field. Even then there are missing links to connect one life form with another when by reason they ought to evolve all-in-one piece without any seam in between. But they were not. Each species was, and still is entirely different from the next as if created separately? If it had taken so long to change (evolve) it would be like a kettle of water slowly brought to boil over a fire. We would expect the rise in temperature to be very slow, literally seamless from second-to-second almost unnoticeable like a frog being brought to boil till death without realizing the increasing temperatures.
But we have a scenario of two kettles of water. One with cold water representing one species of life, the other vigorously boiling water representing the next species of life. There is no direct link between the two kettles unless there was someone (the Maker) putting the first kettle to boil. Meantime the water is not yet ready for use (making its appearance) till it is fully boiling. While still boiling, that would have been the “missing link” between the two? But there was and is still no such missing link connecting two species of life that we know of. A chimpanzee forever is a chimpanzee, a human, forever a human. There is neither any morphological nor genomic bridge between the two. They remain separate till this day, unless they were created separately as slightly different models – an old model into a new model of life, at least to the best of my thinking. I really cannot answer that mystery unless I need to bring in an Intelligent Designer as the Creator
In short, there is no seamless link between us and the chimpanzee as if we were created by God separately by our Potter very much like the potter who shapes his potteries very slightly different from the previous one though they may be of the same model from the same ceramics and porcelain wares made from China clay and petunse (pottery stone)
It is like the spectrum of seven colours of a rainbow from red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, to violet. All these colours are separately different, except they all originated from just once source – white light.
It is like Creation from just one light source (God). This is entirely different from the gradual shades of one colour, say from a very light shade of blue to darker and darker blue. But it is still the same mono-chrome. We cannot expect a monochrome to unexpectedly change colour unless it changes its wavelength. The only way the colour of light can change its wavelength is, when it is energized, such as an iron rod when heated can change from dark when cold to red hot and when heated at higher temperatures and longer can change from red to yellow-hot. But energy is needed to be pumped in first for it to change colour.
This is like the length of the DNA different from another species of life to the next. It cannot change the length of its chromosomes or DNA by itself to yield another species unless some kind of unknown life force is pumped into them to institute a change into something different.
We would expect from the theory of gradual adaptation, a very slow genetic transition of one species (one colour of life) to the next over millions of years. That would have produced a continuously seamless change in evolution to yield almost indistinguishable species among the animals, but this was not. There are 10 million to billions of different life forms teeming this earth, and they are all different even for subspecies.
For instance, all reptiles from crocodiles, snakes, lizards, turtles, and tortoises are entirely different, not just in their genomic make-up, but entirely different in appearances till they are became birds as “glorified reptiles”
We can only explain if they are all created separately by God like a potter shaping his ceramics differently from the same clay and soil. I believe this was how Adam and Eve were created from the same soil as their ancestors – the neanderthal
New Speices from Interbreeding and Hydridization:
Of course, it is not necessary for evolution to produce a new species. We can do that by cross-breeding to produce a new hybrid.
When two animals of the same species mate, their offspring get 50% of their genes from each parent. So, the offspring get subtle differences in their appearance between father and mother, but they are still the same species.
But if similar, but not exactly the same species interbreeding, they produce hybrids such as a mule is a cross between a donkey or ass and a horse. Fifty percent of a mule’s genes are from a horse and 50% from a donkey. Because of this mixing, mules have features of each parent species and they share some similar features as horses. A mule is an offspring cross between a male donkey and a mare (female horse), while a hinny is a hybrid between a female donkey and a male horse. Unfortunately, such crossbreeding renders them sterile because of a mismatch in the numbers of their chromosomes.
A horse has 64 chromosomes and a donkey has 62. Hence, a mule inherits 32 chromosomes from the female horse and 31 chromosomes from the male donkey for a total of 63 chromosomes making them sterile They would not be able to evolve even genetically from ass to a horse, or a horse into an ass? Whichever way, we do not even know which came first, the donkey or the horse, or the horse first then the donkey?
The only way we can explain is not through evolution, hybridization, mutation or genetic crossover but they must have been created separately as much as a tiger is entirely different from a lion. But it is possible for a tiger and a lion to mate with each other into ligers, and tigons with their offspring all mixed all over their bodies, but we cannot claim that ligers produce a pure lion and tigons produce a pure tiger in the opposite direction into separate species with ligers and tigons as their missing links because we do not even know which came first – tiger or lion or were they created (not evolved) separately to produce ligers and tigons as their “missing links” after crossbreeding?
This applies to the appearances of all the hominids and hominins, including the Neanderthals - Homo neanderthalensis or Homo sapiens neanderthalensis – those extinct species or subspecies
But who are you, O man, to answer back to God? Will what is moulded say to its moulder, “Why have you made me like this? Does the potter have no right over the clay, to make out of the same lump one vessel for honourable use and another for dishonourable use?
(Romans 9:20–21)
“Woe to him who strives with him who formed him, a pot among earthen pots!
Does the clay say to him who forms it, ‘What are you making?’
or ‘Your work has no handles?” (Isaiah 45:9)
“Then the Lord said to him, '' Who has made man’s mouth? Who makes him mute, or deaf, or seeing, or blind? Is it not I, the Lord?”
(Exodus 4:11)
See this article on The Mystery of Life here:
Likewise, I believe the Creator of those primitive human-like hominids may have destroyed all of them back into the soil and used the same soil to make them all over again. This is very similar to a potter using clay picked from a container to
I would believe this was just what God did like The Potter by picking up the soil to remodel and reshape those human-like aliens and giants after they were destroyed in Noah’s Flood blew in the Lamp of Life through its nostrils much like a lifeless clay figurine made from the soil is being brought to be charged by the energy of a fire in a furnace by a potter to produce Adam and Eve.
And the LORD God formed man of the dust of the ground, and breathed into his nostrils the breath of life; and man became a living soul.
(Genesis. 2:7)
Translated: Lifeless Soil (Clay) + Energy / Lamp of Life = Living Soul
I hope my readers will concur that the Bible is not a science book to fill in all these the scientific details of how life was created. The Bible is a book on salvation for all mankind, not a book on how the Universe and life was created
In short, both God as an Intelligent Designer and the scientist are both right except the scientist was unable to explain this missing link since the Bible is not a book on biological evolution which I hope I am able to bridge between the two.
Scientists use mitochondrial DNA and archaeological evidence to integrate with Judeo-Christian and Islamic scriptures to show that after God created many types of human-like beings through evolution. He then redesigned them to create the Biblical Adam and Eve in His own image between 10,000 to 9,500 years ago, probably more likely about 9,800 or 9,700 years ago. Adam and Eve were the previous types of Homo sapiens, ‘sapiens’ means “very wise man”
Homo sapiens, the first modern humans, evolved from their early hominid predecessors between 200,000 and 300,000 years ago.
In short, all modern humans today are the direct descendant of Adam and Eve.
As with all animals, humans belong to the animal phylum called chordates that have a backbone. Zoologically humans are also animals since they are not angels or higher spiritual beings. The human animal has hair and milk glands, so we are placed in the same class of mammals, and we are no different from gorillas, chimpanzees, orangutans, cats, dogs, elephants, wild boars, pigs, cows and goats. Within the mammal class, humans are placed in the primate order.
As to the question, Genesis described the creation of heaven, earth, seas, and all life, where it took God only one day each, whereas astronomers and scientists tell us it took 13.8 billion years since the Big Bang.
“For a thousand years in thy sight are but as yesterday when it is past, and as a watch in the night” (Psalm 90:4)
“Beloved, do not let this one thing escape your notice: With the Lord a day is like a thousand years, and a thousand years are like a day”
(2 Peter 3:8)
“You, indeed, have made my days as handbreadths, and my lifetime as nothing before You. Truly each man at his best exists as but a breath”.
(Psalm 39:5)
Those verses explain all, keeping in mind God is eternal whereas human lifespan is limited at most 120 years labouring in sorrow trying to understand.
The scientist hence could not see how the Bible in Genesis says that He created heavens and earth and all life on earth taking only one day for each stage, when scientists believe each stage in evolution took millions of years, totally 4 to 5 billion years
God may have taken just one day of His time which for us was billions of years from creation to evolution. There is just no comparison. The Bible is to be read with foresight and guided wisdom, not literally with myopic vision.
We do not have information on dates of biblical events. Unfortunately the Bible does not give us specific dates of events past, present or those yet to come.
The only dates we can reliably depend on are those about evolution telling us the various life forms that appeared since the accretion of Earth 4,500 – 4,400 million years ago down to the the discovery by paleoanthropologist Donald Johanson of the Cleveland Museum of Natural History in 1974 on ancient pre-humans such as "Lucy" which a collection of several hundred pieces of fossilized bones, 40 percent were a female belonging to the hominin species Australopithecus afarensus as the oldest human-like fossils findings.
Lucy is probably the earliest australopithecine dated about 3.2 - 3.6 million years ago. Their skeleton showed a small skull similar to those of non-hominin apes. They showed evidence of being bipedal, able to walk upright just like humans and other hominins. They were already there roaming the Earth long, long before Adam and Eve.
Conclusion:
Summing up all these different dates by archaeological and artefacts findings, DNA analysis, dating procedures used, it suggests to me Adam and Eve may have appeared around 57,500 years ago which was 48,500 years before Noah. This interval may not fit in the 9,000-year time span from Adam and Eve to Noah given by other sources.
I don’t think we can make any conclusive date if we have wide variations given by biblical scholars unlike those given by archeologists and evolutionists using numerous dating analytical procedures as mentioned.
But why is this so? In order to answer this question we can now go back to the time and length of time we exist as given at the beginning of this article on Creation and human lifespan. Just to recall what we wrote above.
If the age of the Universe at 13.8 billion years in the eyes of a man was just one day to God in Creation, then 100 years of our lives lasts just 6.3 x 10 ^ - 4 second or 0.00063 second.
If the age of Earth at 4.543 billion years was just one day in Creation, then 100 years of our lives last only just 1.9 x 10 ^ - 3 second (0.0019 sec) or 0.002 second.
In other words, one day for each stage of His creation against our billions of years it took, multiply by the length of our earthly existence would pale our existence into nothingness, labouring and trying hard to understand in sorrows before we fly away
“The days of our years are threescore years and ten; and if by reason of strength they be fourscore years, yet is their strength labour and sorrow; for it is soon cut off, and we fly away”.
(Psalm 90:10)
On this note, I think it is best we rest our case here by telling ourselves we know just a little within such a brief life-span.
I hope this helps and have answered your question in your comments dear Dr Norjannah.
Thank you very much for your question.
