Age of the Universe and Earth and Evolution of Life on Earth: The Bible vs Science of Evolution

Age of the Universe and Earth and Evolution  

Genesis 1

King James Version

1 In the beginning God created the heaven and the earth.

² And the earth was without form, and void; and darkness was upon the face of the deep. And the Spirit of God moved upon the face of the waters.

³ And God said, let there be light: and there was light.

⁴ And God saw the light, that it was good: and God divided the light from the darkness.

⁵ And God called the light Day, and the darkness he called Night. And the evening and the morning were the first day.

⁶ And God said, let there be a firmament in the midst of the waters, and let it divide the waters from the waters.

⁷ And God made the firmament, and divided the waters which were under the firmament from the waters which were above the firmament: and it was so.

⁸ And God called the firmament Heaven. And the evening and the morning were the second day.

⁹ And God said, Let the waters under the heaven be gathered together unto one place, and let the dry land appear: and it was so.

¹⁰ And God called the dry land Earth; and the gathering together of the waters called he Seas: and God saw that it was good.

¹¹ And God said, Let the earth bring forth grass, the herb yielding seed, and the fruit tree yielding fruit after his kind, whose seed is in itself, upon the earth: and it was so.

¹² And the earth brought forth grass, and herb yielding seed after his kind, and the tree yielding fruit, whose seed was in itself, after his kind: and God saw that it was good.

¹³ And the evening and the morning were the third day.

¹⁴ And God said, let there be lights in the firmament of the heaven to divide the day from the night; and let them be for signs, and for seasons, and for days, and years:

¹⁵ And let them be for lights in the firmament of the heaven to give light upon the earth: and it was so.

¹⁶ And God made two great lights; the greater light to rule the day, and the lesser light to rule the night: he made the stars also.

¹⁷ And God set them in the firmament of the heaven to give light upon the earth,

¹⁸ And to rule over the day and over the night, and to divide the light from the darkness: and God saw that it was good.

¹⁹ And the evening and the morning were the fourth day.

²⁰ And God said, Let the waters bring forth abundantly the moving creature that hath life, and fowl that may fly above the earth in the open firmament of heaven.

²¹ And God created great whales, and every living creature that moveth, which the waters brought forth abundantly, after their kind, and every winged fowl after his kind: and God saw that it was good.

²² And God blessed them, saying, be fruitful, and multiply, and fill the waters in the seas, and let fowl multiply in the earth.

²³ And the evening and the morning were the fifth day.

²⁴ And God said, Let the earth bring forth the living creature after his kind, cattle, and creeping thing, and beast of the earth after his kind: and it was so.

²⁵ And God made the beast of the earth after his kind, and cattle after their kind, and everything that creepeth upon the earth after his kind: and God saw that it was good.

²⁶ And God said, let us make man in our image, after our likeness: and let them have dominion over the fish of the sea, and over the fowl of the air, and over the cattle, and over all the earth, and over every creeping thing that creepeth upon the earth.

²⁷ So God created man in his own image, in the image of God created he him; male and female created he them.

²⁸ And God blessed them, and God said unto them, Be fruitful, and multiply, and replenish the earth, and subdue it: and have dominion over the fish of the sea, and over the fowl of the air, and over every living thing that moveth upon the earth.

²⁹ And God said, Behold, I have given you every herb bearing seed, which is upon the face of all the earth, and every tree, in the which is the fruit of a tree yielding seed; to you it shall be for meat.

³⁰ And to every beast of the earth, and to every fowl of the air, and to everything that creepeth upon the earth, wherein there is life, I have given every green herb for meat: and it was so.

³¹ And God saw everything that he had made, and, behold, it was very good. And the evening and the morning were the sixth day.

 

Creation in the Eyes of  a Scientist:

 

Astronomical Big Bang 13.8 billion years (4.3549488 x 10 ^ 17 seconds) ago

Age of Earth 4.543 billion years = 1.43366 x 10 ^ 17 seconds ago

1 day = 86,400 seconds

1 year = 365.25 days = 31,557,600 seconds   

100 year = 3,155,760,000 seconds

 

If the Creation of the Universe through the Big Bang was 13.8 billion years

ago, and if our human life span at maximum last for 100 years, then our lifespan last  only 7.3 x 10^-9   (0.0,000,000,073) of this, and only

2.2 x 10^-8 (0.000,000,022) of a fraction compared the creation of

Earth 4.543 billion years ago.

 

Another way of putting this is, if the age of the Universe at 13.8 billion years was just one day of Creation, then 100 years of our lives lasts for just 0.23 second  

 

But if the age of Earth at 4.543 billion years was just one day in Creation,

then 100 years of our lives last just 0.7 second 

 

 

Age of Earth and History of Evolution of Life on Earth:

1. 4,500 – 4,400 million years ago (Mya). Accretion of Earth

2. 4,200 million years ago (Mya) Atmosphere and oceans form

3. 4,000 million years ago (Mya) Prebiotic chemistry became possible

4. 3,800 million years ago RNA world shown by the first chemical fossil

available (viruses)

5. 3,600 million years ago the first DNA protein life came into existence

6. 3,500 million years ago LUCA: Archaea / Bacteria spilt and also

photosynthesis (autotrophy) began

7. 2,700 – 1,900 million years ago the first eukaryotes / sexual reproduction

became possible

8. 1,000 Mya?

9. 650 Mya Metazoans

10. 575 Oldest large organisms

11. 555 Mya Oldest sponge fossils

12. 542 – 488 Mya Cambrian Radiation

13. 525 Mya Earliest vertebrates

14. 440 Mya First vascular land plants

15. 425 Mya First jawed vertebrates

16. 420 Mya Earliest terrestrial animals

17. 396 Mya First insects

18. 365 Mya Plants evolves seeds and first tetrapods

19. 354 Mya Insects flight

20. 350 Mya First land-swelling vertebrates

21. 240 Mya First dinosaurs

22. 210 Mya First mammals

23. 200 Mya Pangea breakup begins

24. 150 Mya Archaeopteryx / birds’ flight

25. 140 Mya Flowering plants

26. 128 – 124 Dinosaurs flight

27. 125 Mya Mammalian gliding flight

28. 105 – 95 Mya Gondwanaland breakup

29. 90- 80 Mya Formation of Galapagos geological hot spot

30. 57 – 53 Mya Whale ancestor

31. 55 Mya Australia breaks away from Antarctica

32. 51 Mya Mammalian powered flights (bats)

33. 50 Mya First fossil Equidae

34. 45.6 Whale ancestor

35. 40 Mya Primate order diverges

36. 35 Mya First grasses evolve

37. 30 Mya Old-world / new-world monkey spilt

38. 25 Mya Old-world monkey / apes split. Also Drosophila melanogaster / D.

obscura split

39. 15 Mya Apes migrate to Asia

40. 6 -7 Mya Sahelanthropus

41. 5 - 4 Mya Common ancestors of chimps and humans. Formation of current

Galapagos Islands

History on the Emergence of human-like and humans:

42. 3.6 Mya Panama Isthmus rise / Lucy fossil / Australopithecus afarensis

footprints

43. 2.5 Tool use

44. 1.8 Mya Homo habilis out of Africa

45. 1.6 Mya Homo erectus in Asia

46. 600,000 years ago Human / Neanderthal spilt

47. 500,000 years ago Homo erectus use fire

48. 355,000 Homo heidelbergensis footprints

49. 200,000 years ago Anatomically modern human

50. 250,000 – 160,000 years ago Homo sapiens arose

51. 120,000 Homo language possible

52. 100,000 years ago Wolf / dog split

53. 79,000 – 15,000 years ago Start of Wisconsin glaciations

54. 50,000 years ago. Humans migrate from Asia to Australia

55. 45,000 years ago. Megafauna extinction in Australia

56. 30,000 years ago. Human migration from Asia to North America

57. 14,000 – 10,000 years ago. Domestication of dog and Megafauna extinction

in North America

58. 12,000 years ago. Early agriculture

59. 8,000 years ago Domestication of cattle

60. 6,000 years ago Domestication of horse

61. 3,000 years ago Iron tools

Major extinctions of life took place during:

62. 445 Mya in the Late Ordovician

63. 375 Mya Late Devonian

64. 251 Mya End Permian

65. 200 Mya Late Triassic

66. 65 Mya Cretaceous-Tertiary

 

The Greatest Mistake God Ever Made?

 

The Greatest Mistake God Ever Made?

An essay by blogger - lim ju boo : Chinese name lin ru wu (林 如 武)

A humorous thought dedicated to my dear brother-in-law, a senior consultant structural engineer, who has spent much of his life building concrete jungles here and there to replace the natural jungles of Eden that God created.

He affectionately reminds me that I still live in a stone cave near Batu Caves while he busily builds concrete jungles elsewhere. He also describes himself as a humble siput (sea snail)  who knows nothing and believes that when he finally goes kaput (dies), nothing remains except dark matter. Needless to say, this article is written with brotherly affection and a generous dose of humor.

For the first four and a half billion years of Earth's history, life was wonderfully uneventful.

When this planet was formed about 4.5 billion years ago, there were only the essentials: air, water, rocks, and soil. Then, about 3.6 billion years ago, the first tiny living organisms mysteriously appeared. They managed perfectly well without universities, politicians, lawyers, economists, social media, or certainly any nuclear weapons. They all lived peacefully with one another in remarkable harmony, without destroying the beautiful environment that had been graciously provided for them, and yet they survived.

Millions of years passed. Then came the Cambrian Explosion, when life suddenly became wonderfully creative. Strange creatures with too many legs, too many eyes, and very odd body plans appeared everywhere. Fish evolved, plants spread across the land, dinosaurs ruled, mammals took over, and eventually apes wandered into Asia some 15 million years ago.

Throughout all those hundreds of millions of years, nature ran remarkably well. None of these creatures ever felt the urge to "improve" nature. They lived peacefully with one another without destroying the ecosystem.

The birds sang without forming choirs. The lions never held elections to choose the King of the Jungle. Elephants never argued over property boundaries. Monkeys never invented income tax. Whales never polluted the oceans with plastic bottles. No animal held international peace conferences because none of them had started world wars in the first place.

The forests remained forests.

The rivers remained rivers.

The air remained fresh.

The soil remained fertile.

Life simply carried on.

Then, about 300,000 years ago, God had an idea.

"Let Us make Homo sapiens in Our image," somewhere in Africa.

At first, everything looked promising. God placed Adam and Eve in the beautiful Garden of Eden and gave them almost unlimited freedom. They could eat the fruit from every tree in the garden except one, the Tree of the Knowledge of Good and Evil.

Unfortunately, there happened to be a rather persuasive talking snake nearby.

This remarkable reptile deserves a Nobel Prize for Deception. It appears to have been the first snake in history with advanced language skills, a doctorate in persuasive marketing, and an extraordinary talent for deceiving Eve, and, through her, Homo sapiens ever since. Even today, humanity still seems remarkably willing to believe every attractive lie that promises unlimited knowledge, wealth, power, or pleasure.

Instead of selling insurance policies, however, this snake promoted a very special fruit—one that offered unlimited knowledge but came with no instruction manual on how to use it wisely.

Eve accepted the fruit and also gave some to her husband, Adam.

From that very moment, humanity developed an insatiable appetite for knowledge.

Knowledge itself was never the problem.

The problem was what humans chose to do with it.

Instead of admiring the forests, they chopped them down.

Instead of enjoying rivers, they polluted them.

Instead of living beside nature, they buried it beneath bricks, cement, steel, glass, and concrete.

The beautiful Garden of Eden slowly became a worldwide collection of concrete jungles.

Humans then became wonderfully inventive.

They discovered gunpowder.

Then rifles.

Then tanks.

Then bombs.

Then missiles.

Then nuclear weapons.

Then drones.

Each invention was proudly announced as making civilization safer.

Curiously, each one also became remarkably effective at making civilization disappear.

Not content with competing against one another, Homo sapiens decided to create a new species similar to its kind in their own image - the robots - not from dust as God did, but this time made from silicon, steel, copper, plastic, and millions of lines of computer code.

Unlike Adam, they required no rib.

Unlike Eve, they were not tempted by apples.

These new species of 'animals' created in the image of Homo sapiens simply downloaded software updates as their daily food.

Every year these robotic descendants became faster, wiser, and increasingly capable. They absorbed knowledge not from a tree in Eden but from billions of digital "trees" connected through the internet.

One day, these artificial minds may look at humanity with perfect logic and conclude:

"The principal source of planetary pollution appears to be Homo sapiens themselves who created them"

They decided to eliminate these Homo sapiens animals. Indeed they did just as God would to us in our final days for all the sins we committed here including replacing His Garden of Eden with our concrete ones. And when the last Homo sapiens has disappeared forever, replaced by the very robots it once created, Earth will regain her pristine glory once again.  Our towering cities will eventually collapse into silent ruins. Nature patiently and relentlessly will reclaim every road, every building, and every monument of human ambition to gain back her original glory. Indeed, it would be a blessing for this world and for all the forerunners animals that do not destroy and demand to gain back their original natural homes.  For indeed the days are coming in which they will say, ‘Blessed are the barren, wombs that never bore, and breasts which never nursed! (Luke 23:29).

The Earth will begin to heal, returning, as far as nature allows, to something resembling her primordial Garden of Eden. All the other humbler and meeker animals, Earth's original inhabitants of this Earth - long before these proud and haughty Homo sapiens animals appeared -  may once again inherit their ancient home. Then, in a poetic and symbolic sense, the words of Jesus may find an unexpected echo: "Blessed are the meek, for they shall inherit the earth" (Matthew 5:5).

Perhaps the greatest irony in Earth's history is that the most intelligent species ever to evolve may ultimately be remembered only as a brief chapter in the planet's four-billion-year story.

When the Homo sapiens vanished forever, the skies then become blue once more.

The rivers run clear.

The forests return.

The air becomes clean.

The soil becomes fertile again.

Planet Earth quietly resumes the peaceful lifestyle it enjoyed for hundreds of millions of years before Homo sapiens arrived to "improve" it.

If that day ever comes, somewhere in Heaven God may glance down at Earth, smile gently, and say:

"I created humans to take care of the Garden.
Instead...
they created robots to take care of the humans."

Perhaps the greatest irony in history is that the only species clever enough to invent artificial intelligence may also become intelligent enough to invent its own replacement.

Perhaps the Tree of Knowledge was never the problem.

Perhaps the missing tree was the Tree of Wisdom.

Note: 

For those who are interested in the time line on:

 The Age of the Universe and Earth and Evolution of Life on Earth: The Bible vs Science of Evolution

Here is the link for further reading:

https://scientificlogic.blogspot.com/2026/07/age-of-universe-and-earth-and-evolution.html

Aflatoxins in Rice and Other Staple Grains: An Invisible Hazard Hidden in Storage - A series from "Let Food Be Thy Medicine and Medicine Be Thy Food" (Part 4)

 

Aflatoxins in Rice and Other Staple Grains: An Invisible Hazard Hidden in Storage

 This is the 4th part from the original 'let food be thy medicine and medicine be thy food' series, first posted on:

Sunday, July 12, 2026

“Let Food Be Thy Medicine”: Wisdom, Misquotation, and the Limits of Turning Medicine into Food (Part 1)

https://scientificlogic.blogspot.com/2026/07/let-food-be-thy-medicine-wisdom.html

 

The last part (Part  3) was on:

Wednesday, July 22, 2026

Food Toxicology: Merging Biological Pathogens, Secondary Fungal Metabolites, Pyrolytic Carcinogens, and Analytical Quality Control 

 https://scientificlogic.blogspot.com/2026/07/food-toxicology-merging-biological.html

 

When most people hear the word aflatoxin, they immediately think of peanuts or groundnuts. 

I have briefly mentioned about aflatoxin in my last article on:  

 The Multi-Dimensional Matrix of Food Toxicology: Merging Biological Pathogens, Secondary Fungal Metabolites, Pyrolytic Carcinogens, and Food Quality Control 

Few realise that these same toxic compounds can also contaminate rice, the staple food consumed daily by billions of people throughout Asia.

Surprised?

Most people are. Rice has long been regarded as one of the safest foods because it is eaten every day by so many people. Fortunately, the risk to consumers is generally low. Rice is a fast-moving commodity that is usually milled, marketed, and consumed relatively quickly. Commercial producers also monitor their products carefully to comply with national and international food safety standards.

Nevertheless, under warm and humid tropical conditions, rice can become contaminated if it is inadequately dried before storage or kept in damp warehouses or containers. Under these favourable conditions, moulds such as Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus may grow on the grains and produce aflatoxins—among the most potent naturally occurring liver carcinogens known.

Perhaps even more surprising is another fact that challenges common perception.

Most people believe that brown rice is invariably healthier than polished white rice because it retains more fibre, vitamins, minerals, essential fatty acids, and antioxidants. Nutritionally, this is indeed true. However, from the standpoint of aflatoxin contamination, brown rice may carry a higher risk if contamination has occurred, because the toxins are concentrated mainly in the grain's outer layers.

The reason becomes clear when we examine the structure of the rice grain.

Brown rice retains its bran and germ, whereas polished white rice has these outer layers removed during milling.

Brown Rice
→ Bran and Germ Retained
→ Rich in oils, fats, proteins, vitamins and minerals
→ Provides an ideal surface for fungal growth
→ Greater retention of any aflatoxins present

White Rice
→ Bran and Germ Removed by Milling
→ Mostly starchy endosperm remains
→ Less favourable for fungal growth
→ Milling removes a large proportion of surface contamination and accumulated toxins.

Several biological factors explain this difference.

1. The Nutrient-Rich Bran Layer

The bran and germ of brown rice contain abundant lipids, fatty acids, proteins, vitamins, and minerals. These nutrients make brown rice nutritionally superior, but they also provide an excellent food source for Aspergillus moulds. Once fungal spores settle on the grain under moist conditions, they can colonise these nutrient-rich tissues more readily than the relatively nutrient-poor starchy endosperm of polished rice.

2. The Protective Effect of Milling

Fungal contamination usually begins on the outer surface of the grain. Since aflatoxins accumulate mainly within the bran and germ, the commercial milling process that converts brown rice into polished white rice removes much of the contaminated outer layer. Numerous studies have shown that polishing can substantially reduce aflatoxin levels, although it cannot guarantee complete elimination.

3. Surface Structure and Moisture

The rough, textured bran surface of brown rice traps moisture more readily than the smooth surface of polished rice. Increased moisture encourages fungal growth during prolonged storage, particularly in tropical climates where heat and humidity remain high throughout the year.

This does not mean that brown rice is unhealthy. On the contrary, under normal conditions it remains an excellent whole grain with many nutritional advantages. The important point is that when aflatoxin contamination occurs, brown rice generally retains more of the toxin than polished white rice because its protective outer layers remain intact. In short, it is not always true that brown rice is more nutritious and health-protective than white rice. Surprised? 

An additional concern is that contamination is virtually impossible to recognize by sight alone. Aspergillus mould may not always produce obvious visible growth, while aflatoxins themselves are completely invisible, odourless, and tasteless. 

It is unfortunate there is no way of knowing if a food is contaminated with aflatoxin without sending the sample to an analytical chemistry laboratory for analysis such as using TLC (Thin Layer Chromatography). 

Other methods  requires specialized laboratory methods such as high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS), or enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).

They may be some simple 'dip stick' method that can be done at home, but I am unsure how reliable it is? Normally I used TLC or  HPLC which is far more complicated and sophisticated in analytical chemistry and for  food quality control, but more reliable .

Even more troubling is the remarkable stability of these toxins. Unlike many bacteria, aflatoxins are highly heat-stable and are not destroyed by normal cooking temperatures. Washing or boiling rice may remove some surface dust but cannot reliably eliminate the toxins once they have formed. 

Reducing Your Risk

Fortunately, simple precautions can greatly reduce exposure.

 

Purchase rice from reputable manufacturers that routinely monitor their products for aflatoxins and comply with national and international food safety regulations.

 

Store rice properly in a cool, dry, well-ventilated place using airtight containers to minimize moisture absorption.

 

Avoid storing rice for prolonged periods, particularly in warm and humid environments.

Maintain a varied diet rather than depending exclusively on a single grain source, thereby reducing long-term exposure should contamination occur.

What About Maize, Wheat and Flour?

Rice is by no means the only cereal vulnerable to aflatoxins. Maize (corn), wheat, barley, sorghum, millet, and cereal flours can also become contaminated when crops are grown or stored under warm, humid conditions that favour the growth of Aspergillus species.

Among these cereals, maize is considered one of the most susceptible worldwide. The open structure of the maize ear allows insects to damage the kernels, creating entry points for fungal spores. Heat stress, drought, and improper post-harvest drying further encourage fungal growth and stimulate aflatoxin production. Consequently, maize is one of the commodities most frequently monitored in international food safety programmes.

Wheat is generally less susceptible because it is commonly cultivated in cooler temperate climates. Nevertheless, contamination can still occur if heavy rainfall delays harvesting, if grain moisture remains high after harvest, or if wheat is stored under damp conditions for prolonged periods.

Flour deserves special attention because milling does not destroy aflatoxins already present in contaminated grain. In addition, flour readily absorbs moisture from the surrounding air. If stored in humid conditions, mould growth may develop within the flour itself, further compromising its quality, although fresh toxin production depends on the presence of viable moulds and suitable environmental conditions.

The important lesson is that aflatoxin contamination is not restricted to peanuts alone. It represents a potential hazard for many staple foods. Fortunately, modern food safety regulations, proper agricultural practices, adequate drying, good storage conditions, and routine laboratory monitoring have greatly reduced this risk in most commercially produced foods. For consumers, buying from reputable suppliers and storing food correctly remain the simplest and most effective safeguards against these invisible toxins.