Tuesday, September 16, 2025

Threads of the Uncharted: Stories from the Unknown


 One of my old uncles recounted a eerie experience during a family camping excursion many years ago where he and a companion glimpsed a radiant figure gliding fluidly among trees, only to disappear as they approached. His vivid account crafted a mesmerizing tableau of an other worldly being intertwined with the essence of nature, a specter perhaps, living in tranquil seclusion, or an alien transiently intersecting with our world. 

Another member of our chat group who was a teacher detailed an equally enthralling story concerning an extraordinary incident she encountered when she was in her thirties. She was in her own garden one evening. Suddenly she seemed to be in another world in a strange looking street with a multitude of small humunoids all dressed in white walking about. After a lapse of time she could not recall, she was back in her own garden. 

On a fateful night, another doctor told me she was roused by a gentle murmur, imbued with an ancient knowledge that appeared to hum from the very walls. As she peered into the dimly illuminated space, she claimed to have perceived a radiant apparition, a woman clothed in garments from a bygone time. This encounter left her with an enduring sense of connection, as if the boundaries between past and present had momentarily dissolved.

 Captivated by these narratives, I ventured into research, seeking wisdom from literature and folklore that delved into the supernatural. Each account I unearthed, rich with lyrical depth, only intensified my quest for understanding phenomena that transcend conventional explanation. In my explorations, I discovered that across the annals of history, diverse cultures have recorded tales of spectral apparitions and extraterrestrial encounters, each story providing a window into the shared human psyche.

 In this odyssey of inquiry, we acknowledged the profound influence these experiences exert on our minds, urging us to confront our anxieties and unravel the mysterious.  

Besides my uncle, another member of our chat group detailed an equally enthralling story concerning an extraordinary incident within her childhood residence. She saw several humanoids dressed in white walking along a street she has never seen before.  This encounter left her with an enduring eerie sense of connection with another world beyond ours. 

 Captivated by these narratives, I ventured into research, seeking wisdom from literature s threads binding us to the unknown. We speculated that these encounters might signify a deeper insight into our existence, a poignant reminder that the universe brims with enigmas yearning for exploration.

 Thus, our WhatsApp group evolved into a haven for the inquisitive, a space where narratives intertwined and musings thrived. We found comfort in the exchange of our fears and marvels, fortifying one another to face the shadows lingering at the periphery of our awareness. With each discourse, we became increasingly attuned to the enigmatic tapestry of existence, embracing the intricacies of our shared experience while acknowledging the veil that divides our world from the realms that lie beyond. As our conversations deepened, a newfound camaraderie blossomed among us, united by our collective pursuit of understanding. We began to share not only our encounters, but also theories on the nature of these phenomena. Perhaps they were echoes of the past, remnants of lives once lived that sought to communicate with us across the chasm of time. Or possibly they were glimpses into parallel dimensions, where the boundaries of reality blurred and anything was conceivable.

 One evening, as the shadows lengthened and the moonlight cast its silvery glow, we arranged a virtual gathering, connecting through video chat to share our findings and thoughts more interactively. It felt as though we were conducting an informal symposium dedicated to the inexplicable. Under the ethereal light of our screens, stories flowed with greater intensity, illuminated by our collective enthusiasm.

My uncle  elaborated on his camping experience with an intriguing twist, he suggested that the being he encountered might have been drawn to their campfire, a beacon of warmth a midst the encroaching darkness. This theory evoked a passionate discussion about the possible connections between natural phenomena and the apparitions we encountered. Could there be an uncharted relationship between energy sources we create and the manifestations that occur around them?

Another member presented a compelling theory that tied our experiences to emotional states. She argued that perhaps these spectral encounters were reflections of our innermost fears and desires, projections of the subconscious seeking to surface. This concept hums in tune within the group, prompting us to ponder whether our individual and collective experiences were intricately woven into the tapestry of our emotions.

As we delved deeper into discussions, the realm of science began to intertwine with the mystical. We speculated, especially  my brother-in-law who is a senior engineer who believes on the role of quantum physics in explaining phenomena that appeared supernatural, evoking a sense of wonder regarding the fabric of reality itself. The convergence of science and spirituality provided fertile ground for exploration, igniting our imaginations and inviting us to consider limitless possibilities.

 Our group continued to evolve, transitioning from a simple chat about ghostly encounters to a vibrant forum where the boundaries of discussion expanded beyond the supernatural. We began to share books, articles, podcasts, and documentaries that explored themes of the unexplained. Each contribution enriched our dialogue, allowing our collective curiosity to flourish.

 As the nights passed, filled with laughter, curiosity, and the thrill of discovery, we found that our initial stories of fear transformed into narratives of fascination. Each chilling encounter now served as a doorway to exploration, opening up a universe of questions that beckoned us to engage with the uncharted territories of existence. Embracing the unknown no longer felt daunting; instead, it became a journey that kindled a sense of adventure and unity within our small pero vibrant community. Through this shared journey, we recognized the beauty of our varying perspectives. Each member of our group brought unique insights that colored our discussions in vibrant hues. We celebrated the diversity of our experiences, realizing that every story contributed in our WhatsApp group to a richer understanding of the unknown. Our individual narratives, once shrouded in isolation and fear, now coalesced into a tapestry of shared humanity, highlighting how we all grapple with the mysteries that permeate our lives.

 One evening, inspired by the enigmatic nature of our explorations, we decided to undertake a group project: to create a compendium of our accounts and musings. Each of us would contribute a narrative, an analysis, or even artistic interpretations of our experiences. This undertaking fostered a sense of purpose, as we endeavored to document our journey into the extraordinary. It became more than an assortment of stories; it was a collective testament to our curiosity and courage in confronting the unknown.

 As the compendium took shape, we began to delve into the connections between folklore and modern-day encounters. One member in my group  who is a senior research scientist  proposed examining how historical narratives of ghostly figures and extraterrestrial beings had informed contemporary understandings of the supernatural. We unearthed tales from various cultures and eras that resonated with our own experiences, drawing parallels that enhanced our appreciation for the enduring nature of these phenomena throughout human history.

With each contribution from my selected WhatsApp chat group, the project evolved into an intricate web of ideas, blending personal experiences with research, folklore, and philosophical inquiry. As we finalized the chapters of our compendium, we noticed an undeniable shift in our perspectives: the fear that once accompanied our encounters transformed into an insatiable curiosity. We embraced the mysteries that surrounded us, understanding that encountering the unknown could be a pathway to revelation rather than trepidation.

Our discussions now ranged from the intricacies of metaphysics to the implications of consciousness itself. We began to theorize about the interconnection of all living beings and the shared energy that flows through the universe. Conversations about metaphysical concepts such as synchronicity and the multiverse became commonplace, as we ventured beyond the confines of our original focus.

 As we continued to meet, we felt a profound sense of community blossom. Our virtual gatherings became sanctuaries not just for discussing spectral encounters, but for sharing our thoughts, fears, and aspirations. We supported one another through personal challenges, recognizing that our shared experiences transcended the otherworldly, revealing a deep-seated need for connection and understanding in a vast and often bewildering universe for which I have always marvelled since a young boy bathing under an open sky besides a water well in my classmate village near Minyak Beku in our hometown in Batu Pahat, Johore in Malaya then before independence  

Through our combined stories of the spectral and the inexplicable, we forged not just a bond but a collaborative spirit of inquiry. Inspired by each other’s openness, we expanded our discussions to include the influence of art and literature in shaping our understanding of the unseen. We curated lists of books and films that explored the themes of ghostly encounters and extraterrestrial beings, further enriching our dialogue and providing new lenses through which to view our experiences.

In this active pursuit of knowledge and understanding, we found ourselves irrevocably changed. Each encounter with the unknown became a gateway to profound self-reflection and exploration, urging us to look beyond the surface of our experiences. We realized that the spectral beings and mysterious phenomena we once feared now served as conduits for growth, reminding us of the limitless possibilities that await when we dare to embrace the unknown together. As our compendium neared completion, the excitement in our WhatsApp group became palpable. We had transformed from casual acquaintances discussing vague occurrences into a collective of inquisitive minds, each of us a vital thread in the intricate tapestry we were weaving. The act of documenting our experiences not only solidified our camaraderie, but also served as a reflection of our personal transformations. We awaited the release of our compendium with bated breath, an anthology of our encounters, insights, and the lessons learned from our engagement with the inexplicable.

 In one particularly memorable discussion, we contemplated the role that storytelling plays in shaping human consciousness. We realized that narratives have the power to bridge gaps between the known and the unknown, fostering understanding and empathy across different cultures and eras. The stories we shared became a way to forge connections not only among ourselves but also with those who came before us, echoes of human experience that transcend time.

 Our exploration might have started with ghostly apparitions and mysterious entities, but it had blossomed into a profound inquiry into the very nature of reality itself. We began to ponder existential questions: What does it mean to be human? Are we isolated beings within an expansive universe, or are we interconnected threads in a vast cosmic tapestry? These inquiries propelled us further, urging us to explore metaphysical concepts that challenge conventional understanding.

During one session, as we dived into discussions about consciousness, one member introduced the idea of collective consciousness, positing that we are all part of a greater awareness that transcends individual experience. This sparked a lively debate on the implications of such a notion. Could our encounters with spectral beings be manifestations of this shared consciousness, reflecting our deepest fears, dreams, and suspicions? The conversation sparked a surge of imaginative ideas, compelling us to visualize the unseen networks that might bind our experiences.

Encouraged by the growing interest in these philosophical ideas, we decided to expand our compendium to include an exploration of these themes. We each contributed excerpts that blended our personal encounters with broader inquiries into consciousness, the fabric of reality, and the role of perception in shaping our experiences. This collaborative effort infused our project with newfound depth, making it not just a recounting of supernatural occurrences but a thoughtful examination of the human condition itself.

 As we neared the final stages of our compendium project, we began to discuss the possibility of sharing our collective insights with a broader audience. The idea of publishing our work, whether in a blog, e-book, or as part of a community anthology, ignited a renewed sense of purpose and motivation within us. We envisioned our compilation reaching others who have grappled with similar experiences, providing them a sense of solace, understanding, and an open invitation to explore the uncharted territories of their own realities.

 Our aspirations of sharing our journey prompted lively discussions about potential titles for our compendium. Suggestions flowed freely, each title an echo of the themes we had explored together. It became clear that while our encounters may have started with fear and confusion, they were now framed with wonder, curiosity, and a shared sense of adventure.

As we finalized our project, it became evident that the compendium was about more than just chronicling our encounters; it was a celebration of our evolution as individuals and as a community. Together, we embraced the mysteries of existence, nurturing the understanding that the unknown is not something to fear, but rather a realm of infinite possibilities waiting to be explored.

Empowered by our shared experiences and camaraderie, we had transformed into a tribe of seekers, united in our quest for knowledge and connection. What began as casual chats about ghostly encounters had blossomed into a profound exploration of the human experience, one that honors the past while embracing the present and all its potential. As we prepared to share our narrative with the world, we were invigorated by the knowledge that, whatever lies beyond the veil of the seen, we are not alone in our journey. Together, we would continue to traverse the intricate pathways that connect us to the mysteries that lie just beyond our comprehension. As we gathered for our final meeting to discuss the launch of our compendium, a palpable sense of excitement filled the virtual space. Each of us brought our final revisions, eager to craft a cohesive narrative that would fluently convey our individual stories while emphasizing the collective journey we had embarked upon. It was a moment of reflection, as we recognized how far we had come, not just in terms of our project, but as individuals engaging fearlessly with the enigmatic realms of existence.

 In our preparations, we deliberated on how to present our findings not just as personal accounts, but as philosophical explorations infused with sensitivity and respect for the profound mysteries of life. We agreed on the importance of providing context for our readers, using our personal anecdotes as gateways into discussions about consciousness, interconnection, and the nature of reality. Meticulously, we crafted introductions for each chapter, framing our stories within a broader narrative that invited readers to ponder their own experiences with the unknown.

 The question of how to share our work became the focal point of the conversation. Some members suggested traditional publishing routes, while others advocated for digital platforms where our ideas could reach a global audience. The latter is more agreeable with many of us, as we contemplated creating another blog separate from this one,  or an online community forum where readers could engage, share their own stories, and join our quest for understanding. This idea struck a chord; it embodied our belief in the power of connection and collaboration in unraveling the mysteries around us.

As we articulated our vision for the compendium’s launch, we envisioned an online event, a virtual gathering complete with discussions, storytelling, and even guest speakers who could speak to the intersections of folklore, philosophy, and personal experiences. This gathering would serve as a celebration of our work and an invitation for others to join in the dialogues we had cultivated. Amidst the planning, the atmosphere was electric, charged with creativity and anticipation.

 We also recognized the need for a compelling title that encapsulated the essence of our collective undertaking. During an enthusiastic brainstorming session, many ideas emerged, each one a reflection of our experiences and aspirations. “Whispers Beyond the Veil,” “Echoes of the Unseen,” and “Tales from the Shadowlands” were among the contenders, but ultimately, we found an agreement in a title that is deeply in tune with our journey:

 “Threads of the Uncharted: Stories from the Unknown.”

 This title beautifully conveyed our intention to weave together the disparate threads of our experiences into a cohesive narrative that invites exploration.

 With the title settled and the content refined, we shifted focus to the aesthetics of our compendium. The group voted to include illustrations and photographs that complemented our narratives, visual elements that would enhance our readers’ experiences. We reached out to artists who share our fascination with the ethereal, asking them to contribute their interpretations of the surreal aspects of our tales. The collaborative nature of our project felt invigorating, as we witnessed how art could elevate the written word, providing an additional layer of depth and allure.

As the launch date drew nearer, we found ourselves in a whirlwind of preparations. Promotional materials were created, and social media campaigns were planned to raise awareness of our project. Each member took on roles that highlighted their strengths: some drafted compelling posts about our stories, while others crafted beautifully designed graphics. The excitement was infectious; we reveled in the collaborative spirit that had nourished us throughout our journey.

 On the day of the launch, an undeniable energy pulsed through our virtual gathering. Friends, family, and fellow seekers joined us in celebration, eager to experience the culmination of our efforts. Each storytelling segment was punctuated by laughter, curiosity, and moments of introspection as we shared our individual narratives interwoven with the themes that had emerged throughout our discussions. Our audience is in tune with our stories, sharing their own experiences and reflections in real time, creating an environment of shared vulnerability and exploration.

 As the event culminated, we opened the floor for questions and dialogue, further deepening connections with our audience. It became abundantly clear that our compendium had sparked something greater, a ripple effect of curiosity and inquiry, prompting individuals to confront their own encounters with the unknown. We exchanged contact information, fostering a sense of community that extended beyond our initial WhatsApp group. The newfound connections inspired us, affirming that our collective journey had harmonize  with others in profound ways.

In the weeks that followed, as the compendium began to circulate, we received heartwarming feedback from readers who shared how our stories impacted their perspectives on the mystical and the unexplained. Some expressed gratitude for finding a voice for their own fears and curiosities within our pages, while others relayed newfound courage in exploring their encounters with the unseen. These responses reinforced our intent: to create a space for exploration, understanding, and connection.

 Ultimately, our endeavor served as a testament to the power of storytelling and community in navigating the complexities of existence. We had transformed our initial fears and curiosities into a tapestry of narratives that celebrated what it means to be human, encounters with shadows and light, stories that transcend the limits of our understanding, and an unfolding adventure that would continue to shape us. United by our shared experiences, we acknowledged that while the unknown remains ever-present, our journey through it was enriched by the connections we had forged along the way. Together, we would carry the spirit of inquiry into the future, emboldened to confront the mysteries of life with open hearts and minds.

Thank you and kindest regards to all for leading me their ears. Thank you also for having me. 

 

I am lim ju boo alias lin ru wu

A Frightening Retelling of My Encounters with Ghosts

In my WhatsApp chat group, there were three of us, including my brother-in-law who were talking about their encounters with ghosts or some alien beings appearing and suddenly disappearing before their eyes. I too have encountered this eerie experience.


Here's my story. 


The first time I may have seen a ghost was during the Japanese occupation. My father had a hotel upstairs from our coffee shop at the junction between Jalan Sultanah and Jalan Ismail in my hometown Batu Pahat, Johore, Malaya then. The hotel building is still there today in a very derelict condition. We stayed in one of the rooms in our hotel.


One night in one of the rooms in Jalan Ismail my late eldest brother and I were there when my brother saw something floating in the ceiling above and was coming down. It looked vaguely like a human figure or a cello? 

I too saw it, but did not know what it was. We ran out of the room and went to another room and there we saw a figure passing by outside the room

There was another time my second eldest brother was sleeping in the first room when he felt his bed shaking with a figure beside his bed. 

Years on I was working at the Institute for Medical Research in Kuala Lumpur. I was given an office room for myself in the old building. I was told my room was haunted by my colleagues. At that time I was doing my PhD in medicine

So every night for some 3 years I remained in my room alone working on my doctorate degree after everyone had gone home from work. I used to stay behind alone in my room between 5 PM and 10 PM, sometimes up to midnight, but I never saw any ghosts. Except on a few occasions, I heard something dropped on the floor in the research lab next to my room.

But I have no idea what caused them to move and drop on the floor. But I was not scared because our soul is the ghost itself inside our physical body, and when we die I believe our soul or our ghost is released from our body.
In other words, the ghost maybe more afraid of us than we are of them?

 

However, let me tell you about a personal encounter with a ghost in Kuala Lumpur Hospital nearly 10 years ago. It happened when I was having this chronic leg wound in 2017. Initially I went to a private wound care centre in  Petaling Jaya  hoping to be cured. When my leg wound from venous stasis did not heal after almost one month's stay, I left the centre on Sunday, 13 August 2017 and was admitted to Kuala Lumpur Hospital on the same night.  I was discharged from KLH on 15 Dec 2017. The total number of days I was admitted into Ward 28 in KL Hospital was 124 days = 4 months 4 days. It was a record the hospital told me as they have never kept a patient that long. 

Ward 28 on the 5th floor of Kuala Lumpur Hospital was a first class medical ward. I had a single room for myself with a bath attached, air conditioner, and fan. So it was quite comfortable. So I was alone there all through my stay. 


One night around 3 am I saw someone standing in front of my bed. I asked him who he was, but he did not answer. He just stood there looking at me. Then he drifted to the window a few metres away, and stood there for about a minute before he (or it) suddenly vanished  from the window. I rang the bell to call the nurse to tell her my encounter. She does not know either since at that eerie hour in the morning  no visitor was allowed, and all the other patients in that ward were sleeping. There was no reason for any patient from another room to come into my room at that hour. Was it a ghost? I do not know. Hospitals are said to be spiritually unclean - haunted by ghosts of patients who died there after which they roamed the wards in eerie hours of the night and morning when it is so quiet and lonely. 

I have heard other few ghost encounters too in KL Hospital from other people including from my doctor colleagues.  One of them was about a nurse who died there. She was very fond of weighing herself every now and then near her nurses desks. One day she died from an obesity-related problem. After  she died, nurses on night duty often saw the same weighing machine at the nurses desk  being stepped on registering a weight, but there was no one there. The nurses were so scared that they moved the weighing machine elsewhere.

 

Then I have heard the old maternity hospital adjacent to Kuala Lumpur Hospital was also haunted, especially at night when lone nurses enter the lift to take them to another floor.  Apparently I was told when two or more persons enter one of the lifts, midway through one of them disappeared inside the lift. Sometimes it was the other way round. A lone doctor, nurse or a maternity staff may take the lift at night, and he or she was the only person inside. Halfway up or down, suddenly there was an extra person inside, only to disappear again before the lift reached the next floor 

 

These are some of the eerie encounters people whom I know told me. One of them was my own sister-in- law here in this link:

 

https://scientificlogic.blogspot.com/search?q=my+sister+in+law+saw+a+ghost

 

Maybe ghosts do not exist? I really do not know. 

https://scientificlogic.blogspot.com/search?q=Ghosts+are+more+afraid+of+us&m=1

Monday, September 15, 2025

My One Quarter Research Journey in Nutrition and Lifestyle Related Diseases

Nutrition, Public Health, and the Evolution of Lifestyle-Related Diseases: Reflections from My One Quarter Century  Research Journey


Abstract


This article reflects on over two decades of my professional experience in nutrition and public health research at the Institute for Medical Research (IMR), Malaysia, complemented by international exposure at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). It highlights the observed epidemiological transition from infectious to non-communicable diseases (NCDs), emphasizing the influence of lifestyle and dietary patterns. Drawing on multidisciplinary collaboration, it underscores the importance of culturally sensitive interventions, community engagement, and evidence-based nutrition in addressing contemporary health challenges. Emerging frontiers such as personalized nutrition, digital health, and sustainability are discussed as vital components of the future of global nutrition science.


Introduction


When I began my professional journey at the Institute for Medical Research (IMR), Malaysia, in 1969, I was assigned to the Division of Nutrition, aligning with my training and expertise. Over the next 25 years, including research rotations in Rural Health Research, Community Medicine, Clinical Research, Behavioral Science and Behavioural Medicine, Epidemiology, and Biostatistics, I observed profound changes in disease trends. These observations were further enriched by a formative year at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) prior to joining IMR. Collectively, these experiences provided a unique vantage point to examine how lifestyle modifications and nutritional habits influence public health.

Nutrition and the Epidemiological Transition

As Malaysia, and indeed much of the world, underwent rapid urbanization and globalization, dietary practices shifted markedly. Traditional diets rich in grains, legumes, and fresh produce gradually gave way to calorie-dense, processed foods high in fat, sugar, and salt. These dietary transformations, compounded by increasingly sedentary lifestyles, contributed to the rise of NCDs such as obesity, type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and certain cancers (Popkin, 2017; WHO, 2020).

This epidemiological transition, moving from infectious to chronic diseases, mirrors global patterns observed in other low- and middle-income countries (Omran, 2005). It highlights the inseparable link between nutrition, behavior, and disease prevalence.

Evidence-Based Nutrition and Multidisciplinary Research

Through research at IMR, I sought to advance evidence-based nutrition interventions aimed at mitigating the health risks associated with poor dietary practices. Collaborative efforts spanning behavioral science, epidemiology, and clinical research were integral to designing interventions that addressed the multifaceted nature of nutritional challenges.

Importantly, culturally sensitive approaches were necessary to ensure effectiveness and sustainability. Dietary habits are deeply rooted in tradition, identity, and community; thus, recognizing these sociocultural dimensions was crucial in promoting healthier practices (Kumar & Prelip, 2019).

Nutrition in the Modern Context: Technology and Misinformation

The advent of digital technology and social media has revolutionized how people access information about health and nutrition. While these platforms provide opportunities for education and outreach, they also amplify the spread of misinformation, leading to harmful dietary behaviors (Pomeranz et al., 2022).

Harnessing technology, through mobile applications, online platforms, and wearable health devices, presents a dual challenge and opportunity. Used wisely, these tools can promote nutrition literacy, encourage self-monitoring, and foster supportive communities for sustainable health choices.

Addressing Social and Environmental Determinants

Nutrition cannot be understood in isolation from its broader determinants. Economic, social, and environmental factors shape food access, affordability, and choice (Swinburn et al., 2019). Policies that support healthier food environments, equitable access to nutritious food, and sustainable agriculture are fundamental components of a comprehensive public health strategy.

Moreover, nutrition intersects with planetary health. Climate change, food insecurity, and agricultural sustainability are increasingly recognized as central to the discourse on public health nutrition (Willett et al., 2019). Encouraging sustainable dietary practices, such as reducing food waste and supporting local food systems, benefits both human health and environmental resilience.

Emerging Frontiers in Nutrition Science

Recent advances have opened new frontiers in nutrition science. Personalized nutrition, guided by genetic, metabolic, and microbiome profiles, holds promise for tailoring interventions to individual needs (Zeevi et al., 2015). Similarly, expanding research on the gut microbiome underscores its central role in digestion, immunity, and metabolic health, providing new avenues for preventive and therapeutic interventions.

Integrating these innovations into public health practice requires careful translation of findings into accessible and culturally appropriate strategies.

Community Engagement and Equity

Grassroots engagement remains vital for effecting meaningful change. Community-based initiatives, such as nutrition workshops, cooking demonstrations, and school-based programs, empower individuals to make informed choices and cultivate a shared sense of responsibility for health outcomes. Importantly, these initiatives must address socioeconomic disparities that limit access to healthy foods, ensuring equity across populations (Beauchamp et al., 2019).


Conclusion:


Reflecting on my professional journey, I am reassured by the progress made in understanding the central role of nutrition in public health. Yet, the challenges of misinformation, inequities, and environmental sustainability call for renewed dedication to evidence-based research, education, and advocacy.

The path forward lies in interdisciplinary collaboration, culturally sensitive strategies, and the judicious use of technology. By fostering community engagement and global cooperation, we can mitigate the burden of diet-related diseases and build a healthier, more sustainable future.

Ultimately, the promise of nutrition science lies not only in improving individual well-being but also in advancing equity, resilience, and planetary health.


References


1. Beauchamp, A., Backholer, K., Magliano, D., & Peeters, A. (2019). The effect of obesity prevention interventions according to socioeconomic position: a systematic review. Obesity Reviews, 20(10), 1382–1399.


2. Kumar, S., & Prelip, M. (2019). Promoting healthy diets and nutrition: An evidence-based policy approach. Annual Review of Public Health, 40, 187–206.


3. Omran, A. R. (2005). The epidemiologic transition: A theory of the epidemiology of population change. The Milbank Quarterly, 83(4), 731–757.


4. Popkin, B. M. (2017). Relationship between shifts in food system dynamics and acceleration of the global nutrition transition. Nutrition Reviews, 75(2), 73–82.


5. Pomeranz, J. L., Mozaffarian, D., Micha, R., & Wilde, P. (2022). The role of digital media in nutrition. Annual Review of Nutrition, 42, 55–75.

6. Swinburn, B. A., et al. (2019). The global syndemic of obesity, undernutrition, and climate change. The Lancet, 393(10173), 791–846.

7. WHO. (2020). Noncommunicable diseases. World Health Organization. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/noncommunicable-diseases

8. Willett, W., Rockström, J., Loken, B., et al. (2019). Food in the Anthropocene: the EAT–Lancet Commission on healthy diets from sustainable food systems. The Lancet, 393(10170), 447–492.

9. Zeevi, D., Korem, T., Zmora, N., et al. (2015). Personalized nutrition by prediction of glycemic responses. Cell, 163(5), 1079–1094.






Saturday, September 13, 2025

Integrative Medical Education in China: Bridging Traditional Chinese Medicine and Modern Biomedicine (Part 2)

 

Integrative Medical Education in China: Bridging Traditional Chinese Medicine and Modern Biomedicine


Abstract

Reflections on Patient Dissatisfaction and the Role of the Pharmaceutical Industry

While the integrative model of medical education in China offers a hopeful vision for the future of healthcare, it also brings to light an important debate surrounding patient dissatisfaction with conventional biomedical treatments and the influence of the pharmaceutical industry. Here, I would like to share my own perspective, which is grounded in both medical observation and patient experiences.

Lifelong Dependence on Drugs: A Source of Patient Frustration

Many patients, especially those suffering from chronic and lifestyle-related diseases such as hypertension, diabetes, asthma, coronary artery disease, and cancer, often express frustration with being prescribed lifelong medication regimens. These drugs, largely developed from petrochemical sources, are typically aimed at controlling symptoms rather than curing disease. While they play an indispensable role in acute and emergency care, such as antibiotics for infections or anticoagulants in life-threatening conditions, patients often feel dissatisfied when their daily lives become defined by a lifelong reliance on pills that only manage, but rarely eliminate, the underlying condition.

This dissatisfaction has been amplified in recent decades by rising patient awareness. Educated and well-informed individuals increasingly question why modern medicine, with all its advances, cannot offer definitive cures for common chronic diseases. Their disappointment often leads them to explore complementary and alternative therapies, including Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), Ayurveda, naturopathy, and other holistic approaches that promise more than symptomatic relief.

Big Pharma and the Economics of Medicine

The persistence of symptom-management rather than curative medicine cannot be understood without examining the structure of the pharmaceutical industry, often referred to as "Big Pharma." The industry’s reliance on patents and its profit-driven business model has shaped the landscape of modern therapeutics.

Drug development is enormously expensive, requiring billions of dollars and over a decade of research, trials, and regulatory approval. Once a new drug is patented, companies naturally seek to maximize profits during the patent’s lifespan. This often leads to pricing strategies that prioritize financial returns over accessibility, as seen in the case of insulin analogs, statins, and cancer therapeutics.

Moreover, there is an incentive to produce treatments that require continuous consumption rather than one-time cures. Chronic diseases, by their very nature, guarantee recurring revenue streams for pharmaceutical companies. Patients taking lifelong medications ensure stable profits, while definitive cures could reduce long-term demand.

A Brief History of Profit-Driven Drug Manufacturing

Historically, medicine was rooted in nature: willow bark for fever, cinchona bark for malaria, and countless other remedies derived from plants, minerals, and animal products. The 19th century ushered in a new era with the isolation of morphine in 1804 and the synthesis of aspirin in 1897, shifting medicine from natural remedies to laboratory-based chemistry. The mid-20th century marked the true birth of Big Pharma, with penicillin mass-produced during World War II and blockbuster drugs like benzodiazepines and corticosteroids dominating markets.

The thalidomide tragedy of the 1950s–60s highlighted the dangers of unchecked pharmaceutical ambition, as thousands of infants were born with birth defects due to inadequate testing. By the late 20th century, the patent-driven era fully matured, leading to enormous profits but also growing skepticism about the industry’s motives.

COVID-19 and the Question of Public Good

The COVID-19 pandemic further revealed the tension between public health needs and corporate profit. While vaccines were developed with unprecedented speed, intellectual property rights and patent protections restricted global access, especially in lower-income countries. This reinforced public perceptions that profit, rather than human well-being, remains the industry’s primary motive.

The Future: Integrative and Patient-Centered Medicine

Despite these challenges, I believe the future of medicine lies in integration, personalization, and prevention. Integrative medicine, combining the scientific rigor of biomedicine with the holistic, preventive, and patient-centered approaches of TCM and other traditional systems, can offer patients a sense of empowerment, choice, and hope beyond lifelong dependence on pharmaceuticals.

Pharmaceuticals will always remain vital for acute care and emergency interventions. However, in the realm of chronic disease, where prevention and lifestyle modification play central roles, a more balanced and humane approach is essential. The pharmaceutical industry must evolve from a profit-maximizing enterprise into a public health partner, aligning its goals with long-term patient outcomes rather than short-term financial returns.

If patients continue to feel disillusioned with allopathic medicine’s inability to cure lifestyle diseases, they will increasingly turn toward traditional systems of healing. The sooner mainstream medicine acknowledges this shift and embraces integrative, evidence-based approaches, the better the outcomes for patients, physicians, and society at large.

Integrative education in China exemplifies a model where the strengths of both TCM and modern biomedicine can be harmonized. Yet, as patient dissatisfaction and skepticism toward the pharmaceutical industry continue to grow, it is clear that integration alone is not enough. Medicine must also address the structural economic and ethical issues that shape healthcare delivery. Only then can integrative medicine truly fulfill its promise of being not only holistic and science-based but also compassionate, equitable, and patient-centered.






Monday, September 8, 2025

Integrative Medical Education in China: Bridging Conventional and Traditional Systems (Part 1)

 In 1980's till I retired from medical research in 1994. I was given the rare chance to be selected as one of the members of a powerful policy-making committee called 


"Joint WHO-Ministry of Health-Institute for Medical Research (WHO-MOH-IMR) Expert Technical Committee"  


There were some 25 members in the committee, most of them were directors from the different divisions of the Ministry of Health, some six of them from WHO, and only my boss and myself were from the IMR 

 

The government in that committee, on the advice and recommendation of WHO wanted to integrate traditional and complementary systems of medicine into the main health-care system of this country.  

 

During the meeting WHO officials who sat in that committee told us that in China all medical students, irrespective on conventional allopathic drug-based medicine, or on  Traditional Chinee Medicine must learn at least 30 % of each other's system of medicine, and in the  examinations at least 30 % of the examination papers contain questions from each system of medicine. On graduation, both doctors in conventional medicine and in TCM, work together side -by-side  in the same hospital referring cases to each other using the best therapeutic approach or integrated approaches for different cases. 

 

Today, having learnt much from such a powerful committee, I decided to write a paper on such a beautiful integrated system of medicine in China here: 

      

Abstract

 

China has pioneered a distinctive model of medical education by integrating Western biomedicine and Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) into undergraduate training. All medical students, regardless of their primary program, are required to study both systems, with standardized curricula and examinations reflecting this dual approach. This paper reviews the rationale, structure, and outcomes of integrative medical education in China, situating it in its historical context and addressing global challenges in healthcare shaped by the pharmaceutical industry. It argues that integrative education fosters holistic, patient-centered care and has potential relevance for international health systems.

Introduction

Medical education worldwide is often polarized between Western biomedicine, which emphasizes scientific rigor and technological innovation, and traditional medical systems, which prioritize holistic and culturally embedded practices. China represents a unique exception. Since the 1980s, the Ministry of Education has mandated that all medical students, whether pursuing a Western MBBS or a TCM degree, receive training in both traditions, with at least 30% of coursework and examinations devoted to the “opposite” system (Zhao et al., 2019). This model reflects both the historical role of TCM in Chinese society and the government’s vision of healthcare as an integrative enterprise.

TCM Training for Western Medical Students

Standardized Curriculum

Western medical schools in China incorporate mandatory TCM modules into undergraduate programs. These courses cover TCM theory, diagnostics, and practical techniques such as acupuncture, moxibustion, and herbal pharmacology (Liu et al., 2015). The national curriculum ensures uniformity, with students expected to acquire not only theoretical knowledge but also clinical competence (Wang & Xu, 2021).

Holistic Perspectives

Studying TCM allows medical students to appreciate systems-based approaches to health, emphasizing prevention, balance, and individualized care. These perspectives contrast with biomedicine’s reductionist disease model and provide a complementary framework for patient management (Cheung, 2011).

Global Relevance

Even international students enrolled in English-medium MBBS programs in China are required to study TCM, underscoring its strategic role in promoting integrative medicine globally (Wu et al., 2019).

Western Medical Training for TCM Students

Biomedical Foundations

TCM universities likewise include Western medical sciences like anatomy, physiology, pathology, and pharmacology, within their curricula (Zhang et al., 2010). This ensures graduates are competent to work in modern clinical settings.

Integrated Clinical Practice

Affiliated hospitals provide dual-system rotations, where Western and traditional modalities are used side by side. Examples include combining acupuncture with anesthetics in surgical contexts or integrating herbal medicine with chemotherapy in oncology (Chen et al., 2020).

Institutional Models

Beijing University of Chinese Medicine and Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine exemplify this model, producing graduates who can navigate both paradigms effectively.

Rationale for Integration

Cultural and Historical Legacy


1. With over 2,500 years of history, TCM remains deeply woven into Chinese culture and public trust in healthcare (Lo & Chen, 2013).

2. Complementary Roles in Healthcare
In contemporary hospitals, TCM and Western medicine are often used together. During the COVID-19 pandemic, integrative protocols reflected this approach at scale (Zhao et al., 2021).

3. Global Recognition. The World Health Organization reports that over 80% of the world’s population uses some form of traditional medicine, affirming its global relevance (WHO, 2019).

 

Challenges

Evidence-Based Evaluation

The greatest challenge for integrative medicine is the need to evaluate TCM practices with rigorous scientific methodologies without disregarding their cultural value (Fønnebø et al., 2007).

Pharmaceutical Industry Influence

Globally, the pharmaceutical industry often resists integrative approaches, prioritizing patented synthetic drugs. This reflects a historical shift from natural remedies to profit-driven pharmaceuticals, beginning in the 19th century with the synthesis of morphine and aspirin, and expanding during the 20th century with antibiotics, statins, and other blockbusters (Greene & Podolsky, 2012; Light & Lexchin, 2012).

Patient Expectations

Patients with chronic diseases often express dissatisfaction with conventional treatments that focus on symptom control rather than cure. This has contributed to rising demand for integrative and holistic care (Hsu, 2020).

Historical Context: From Natural Remedies to Modern Pharmaceuticals

For most of human history, medicine relied on natural sources, plants, minerals, and animal products. With the industrial revolution, drug development shifted toward laboratory-based synthesis:

19th century: Isolation of morphine (1804) and synthesis of aspirin (1897).


20th century: Industrial production of antibiotics and expansion of patented synthetic drugs.


Contemporary era: Patent-driven pharmaceuticals dominate, with chronic disease therapies marketed for long-term use. While these advances have saved countless lives, they have also reinforced a profit-driven model often at odds with holistic care (Light & Lexchin, 2012).

Future Perspectives

China’s integrative medical education offers insights for global healthcare reform. The future may involve:

1. Science-based validation of both traditional and biomedical therapies.


2. Personalized medicine, accounting for genetics, lifestyle, and environment.


3. Preventive strategies, reducing reliance on pharmaceuticals in chronic disease.


4. Complementary roles, reserving pharmaceuticals for acute and emergency care, while employing TCM and other holistic methods for prevention and rehabilitation.


Just to emphasize once again in summary 

The integration of conventional medicine and traditional healing systems remains a global challenge, often characterized by tension between evidence-based biomedicine and longstanding cultural practices. In China, however, medical education has institutionalized this integration. Since the 1980s, all medical students, whether enrolled in Western-style or TCM universities, must study at least 30% of each other’s systems during training, and examinations also assess both domains. This dual exposure aims to cultivate a more comprehensive understanding of health and disease, preparing practitioners for China’s pluralistic healthcare environment (Zhao et al., 2019).

Structure of TCM Education for Western Medical Students

Mandatory Integration

China’s Ministry of Education mandates that all undergraduate medical programs, including MBBS degrees, incorporate courses in TCM (Liu et al., 2015).

Standardized Curriculum

The curriculum is standardized nationally and includes theoretical instruction and practical training. Students learn the fundamentals of acupuncture, moxibustion, herbal pharmacology, and the classical texts of TCM (Wang & Xu, 2021).

Holistic Healthcare Understanding

By studying TCM, students are exposed to a systems-based, preventive philosophy of health. This complements the disease-focused model of Western biomedicine, encouraging practitioners to adopt a patient-centered and holistic perspective (Cheung, 2011).

International Programs

Even MBBS programs taught in English to international students include TCM components, reflecting the global importance of integrative healthcare (Wu et al., 2019).

Structure of Western Medical Education for TCM Students

Dual System Approach

Students in TCM universities are also required to study Western medical sciences, including anatomy, physiology, pathology, and pharmacology, so that they can function effectively in modern hospitals (Zhang et al., 2010).

Integrated Clinical Practice

Clinical rotations in Chinese hospitals expose students to integrated wards where TCM and Western interventions are used in parallel. For example, acupuncture may be combined with anesthetics during surgery, or herbal formulas with chemotherapy for cancer care (Chen et al., 2020).

Examples in Practice

Institutions such as Beijing University of Chinese Medicine and Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine exemplify this dual-system approach, producing graduates trained to operate at the intersection of both traditions.

Why Integration is Central in China

1. Historical and Cultural Legacy

2. TCM has been practiced for over 2,500 years and remains deeply embedded in Chinese culture and identity (Lo & Chen, 2013).

3. Complementary Role in Healthcare

4. Many Chinese patients receive care that combines TCM and Western medicine. During the COVID-19 pandemic, integrated protocols that used herbal medicines alongside antivirals and supportive care were widely implemented (Zhao et al., 2021).

5. Global Interest.

The World Health Organization recognizes the role of traditional medicine in primary healthcare, noting that over 80% of the world’s population uses some form of it, even in developed nations where patients often turn to alternative therapies after conventional treatments fail to provide cures (WHO, 2019).

Challenges and Critiques

Pharmaceutical Industry Influence

The global pharmaceutical industry, dominated by profit-driven models, often resists integrative medicine. The patent-driven approach prioritizes synthetic drugs with commercial potential, sidelining natural remedies despite centuries of efficacy. The historical trajectory of pharmaceuticals, from natural remedies to synthetic monopolies, reflects this shift (Greene & Podolsky, 2012).

Patient Dissatisfaction

Chronic disease management in biomedicine often emphasizes lifelong pharmacological control rather than cure, leading many patients to seek alternative or complementary approaches (Hsu, 2020).

Evidence and Standards

A key challenge is applying rigorous, science-based methods to evaluate TCM therapies without dismissing their cultural and experiential value. Integrative medicine should be personalized, preventive, and evidence-based, using pharmaceuticals where necessary but not exclusively (Fønnebø et al., 2007).

Historical Context: From Natural Medicines to Big Pharma

Early Natural Medicines

Pre-19th century medicine relied on plant-based remedies such as willow bark (precursor of aspirin) and cinchona bark (quinine).
Rise of Synthetic Drugs

The isolation of morphine in 1804 and the synthesis of aspirin in 1897 by Bayer marked the transition to laboratory-produced pharmaceuticals.
Industrial Expansion

Penicillin’s mass production during WWII showed the profit potential of pharmaceuticals. By the mid-20th century, patented synthetic drugs such as statins and benzodiazepines dominated healthcare markets.

Profit-Driven Era

Today, pharmaceutical companies often prioritize high-profit chronic disease drugs, employing lobbying and patent strategies like evergreening to sustain revenues (Light & Lexchin, 2012).

The Ideal Future: A Balanced Approach

Integrative medicine offers a pathway to more comprehensive and sustainable healthcare. This vision emphasizes:

1. Science-based validation of both traditional and biomedical interventions.

2. Personalized medicine, incorporating genetics, lifestyle, and environment.

3. Preventive strategies, reducing reliance on pharmaceuticals for chronic diseases.

4. Complementarity, using pharmaceuticals for acute/emergency care while leveraging TCM for prevention, rehabilitation, and chronic disease management.

China’s model of integrative medical education represents a bold attempt to reconcile the strengths of two medical paradigms. While challenges remain, particularly the influence of profit-driven pharmaceutical industries, integrative medicine provides an opportunity to reshape healthcare into a more holistic, patient-centered system. As patients worldwide increasingly demand alternatives to lifelong pharmacological management, integrative models rooted in science, culture, and prevention may become the future of global medicine.

In  China TCM is so well recognized by all parties that  Chinese basic medical insurance covers Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) services, with many TCM hospitals and treatments included in national and provincial insurance schemes in China. Both TCM and Western medicine are covered, and policies are designed to support the integrated use of both approaches for a wider range of health conditions. 

In Malaysia too when the government has officially and legally recognized TCM, medical insurance coverage also applies to TCM  as “adds on” for all registered and licensed TCM practitioners

 

By embedding integration within medical education, China has institutionalized a model that values both modern scientific advances and traditional wisdom. While challenges remain, particularly around evidence evaluation and the influence of global pharmaceutical industries, China’s dual training system prepares practitioners to provide patient-centered, culturally responsive, and scientifically grounded care. As healthcare worldwide confronts the growing burden of chronic disease, integrative education offers a pathway toward more balanced, holistic, and sustainable models of care.

 

References

1. Chen, K., Xu, H., & Xu, H. (2020). The integration of traditional Chinese medicine and Western medicine in China. European Review, 28(S1), S55–S70.

2. Cheung, F. (2011). TCM: Made in China. Nature, 480(7378), S82–S83.

3. Fønnebø, V., Grimsgaard, S., Walach, H., Ritenbaugh, C., Norheim, A. J., MacPherson, H.,  & Berman, B. (2007). Researching complementary and alternative treatments, the gatekeepers are not at home. BMC Medical Research Methodology, 7, 7.

4. Greene, J. A., & Podolsky, S. H. (2012). Keeping modern in medicine: Pharmaceutical innovation and the longevity of a medical tradition. Bulletin of the History of Medicine, 86(1), 93–122.

4. Hsu, E. (2020). Patients’ use of Chinese medicine in relation to conventional healthcare in East Asia. Medical Anthropology, 39(4), 311–326.

5. Light, D. W., & Lexchin, J. (2012). Pharmaceutical research and development: what do we get for all that money? BMJ, 345, e4348.

6. Liu, J., Wang, S., & Zhang, W. (2015). Medical education in China: Progress and challenges. Medical Teacher, 37(1), 61–67.

7. Lo, V., & Chen, H. (2013). Ancient and modern TCM: Continuity and change. Lancet, 381(9880), 173–174.

8. Wang, J., & Xu, H. (2021). Integration of traditional Chinese medicine and Western medicine in medical education. Journal of Integrative Medicine, 19(1), 1–7.

9. World Health Organization. (2019). WHO global report on traditional and complementary medicine. Geneva: WHO.

10. Wu, Y., Chen, J., & Xu, H. (2019). The role of TCM in international medical education: MBBS programs in China. Education for Health, 32(3), 131–136.

11. Zhang, Q., Yue, J., & Xu, H. (2010). Training in integrative medicine in China: A review. Chinese Journal of Integrative Medicine, 16(3), 210–218.

12. Zhao, J., Gao, Y., & Xu, H. (2019). The development of integrative medicine education in China. Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine, 25(7), 691–696.

13. Zhao, Z., Li, Y., & Zhou, L. (2021). TCM in the treatment of COVID-19 in China. Frontiers in Pharmacology, 12, 615857.



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